Lead
Canadian Minerals Yearbook (CMY) - 2009
Doug Panagapko
The author is with the Minerals and Metals Sector,
Natural Resources Canada.
Telephone: 613-992-2667
E-mail: doug.panagapko@nrcan-rncan.gc.ca
HIGHLIGHTS
- Canada is an important producer and supplier of refined lead, ranking sixth in the world in 2009.
- Canadian mine output of lead decreased by 31%, whereas world mine output increased by 3.4% during 2009.
- World consumption of refined lead was stable compared to 2008 as lead was somewhat sheltered from declines in global economic output compared to other metals. Demand for lead in automotive and industrial batteries continued to be strong in China and Asia, offsetting major declines in demand in Europe and North America.
- In Canada, primary lead is produced mainly as a co-product of zinc mining. The recycling of lead, mainly from depleted car batteries, is an important source of refined lead, representing about 61% of Canada’s total refined lead production in 2009.
| World Lead Data | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2009/08 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (000 t) | (% change) | |||
| Mine production | 3 610 | 3 896 | 4 031 | 3.4 |
| Refined production | 8 114 | 8 653 | 8 815 | 1.9 |
| Usage (consumption) | 8 182 | 8 648 | 8 771 | 1.4 |
| Refined balance | -68 | 5 | 44 | n.a. |
| Refined stocks at year-end | 264 | 306 | 386 | n.a. |
Source: International Lead and Zinc Study Group.
n.a. Not applicable.
| LME Lead Prices | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cash US¢/lb | 117.95 | 94.28 | 78.31 |
| Cash US$/t | 2 600.38 | 2 078.83 | 1 726.35 |
| 3 months US$/t | 2 571.26 | 2 080.91 | 1 740.94 |
| 15 months US$/t | 2 314.61 | 1 941.97 | 1 742.69 |
Source: International Lead and Zinc Study Group.
LME: London Metal Exchange.
| Canadian Lead Data | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2009/08 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (tonnes) | (% change) | |||
| Mine output (1) | 75 135 | 99 810 | 68 624 | -31.2 |
| Lead primary refined production | 95 577 | 105 526 | 101 484 | -3.8 |
| Lead recycled refined production | 141 111 | 153 549 | 157 456 | 2.5 |
| Lead domestic shipments | 25 036 | 31 496 | 27 224 | -13.6 |
| Lead refined imports | 5 679 | 7 515 | 6 395 | -14.9 |
| Apparent lead usage (2) | 30 715 | 39 011 | 33 619 | -13.8 |
Source: Natural Resources Canada.
(1) Lead content of ores and concentrates produced. (2) Domestic shipments plus imports.
INTRODUCTION
Lead has been known since ancient times and is one of several metals that were discovered during the earliest periods of human history. Some experts believe that lead was used as early as 5000 B.C. The oldest archaeological evidence of lead use by humans is a figurine found in the Dardanelles area of Asia Minor dating from 3800 B.C.
Lead was used in coinage in China about 2000 B.C. and was mined by the Greeks from about 1200 B.C. to make coins, ornaments, weights, and many other articles. One of lead’s most enduring uses has been as pipe for the transportation of water. Romans manufactured lead pipes in one standard length and in several diameters and used it extensively in municipal water systems. The Latin word for lead is plumbum, which forms the root of modern English words such as “plumber” and “plumbing,” as well as the chemical symbol for lead, Pb.
Almost all lead is obtained from sulphide ores in which the most common lead mineral is galena (PbS). It is usually found in combination with other sulphide ores, most frequently zinc, and also copper. Other lead-containing minerals include cerussite (PbCO3) and anglesite (PbSO4).
HISTORY OF LEAD MINING IN CANADA
Lead-zinc ores were originally discovered in the Kootenay region of British Columbia in the 1820s. Active prospecting in the area dates from 1865 and mining commenced shortly thereafter. In the early years, the ores from British Columbia were sent to the United States for smelting and refining.
The now-famous Sullivan mine started operating near Kimberley, British Columbia, in the early 1900s and continued to produce lead until its closure in December 2001. By 1914, the Sullivan mine was the largest lead producer in Canada – a position it held for 50 years until the Pine Point mine in the Northwest Territories completed its first year of operation in 1966. Pine Point closed in 1988. The Kingdon mine at Galetta, on the Ottawa River near Arnprior, Ontario, was discovered in 1884, operated briefly in the 1880s, and was reactivated in 1914, producing lead and zinc ore until the early 1930s. The discovery, by the Geological Survey of Canada, of lead and zinc ores on Baffin Island in the mid-1950s led to the development of the Nanisivik mine in the mid-1970s. It closed in 2002. The discovery of lead-zinc on Little Cornwallis Island in 1971 led to the development of the Polaris mine. Operated by Teck Cominco, the mine had the distinction of being the most northerly base-metal mine in the world until its closure in 2002 after 20 years of operation.
CANADIAN PRODUCTION FACILITIES
Lead in concentrate was produced at two mines during 2009. Primary refined lead metal is produced from domestic and foreign concentrates at two smelters: one located in New Brunswick and the other in British Columbia. Secondary lead metal is produced from recycled lead (primarily car batteries) at four sites in Quebec, Ontario, and B.C. (Figure 1).
In 2009, Canadian mines produced 68 624 t of lead in concentrate, compared to 99 810 t in 2008, a 31% decrease in production (Table 1, Figure 2). This sharp drop in mine production was due to the closure of several mines that only recently re-opened due to high metal prices in 2006 and 2007. Refined metal production for 2009 was 258 940 t, virtually unchanged from the previous year (Table 1, Figure 3). Primary lead metal production was 101 484 t in 2009, compared to 105 526 t in 2008. Secondary metal production was 157 456 t, compared to 153 549 t the previous year. Table 4 shows lead production, trade, and use for the period 1988-2009. Statistics on exports and imports of lead concentrates, metal, and semi-fabricated products are given in Table 2.
The following is a summary of Canadian lead mines and metal production facilities in operation during 2009.
New Brunswick
Xstrata Zinc Canada owns the Brunswick zinc and lead mine. Located 21 km southwest of Bathurst, it is Canada’s largest producer of primary lead. In 2009, the mine produced 3.32 Mt of ore grading 8.6% zinc and 3.3% lead, resulting in the production of 66 462 t of lead in concentrate, down from 70 406 t in 2008 (Production Report, December 2009). The mine is expected to close within the next couple of years due to the depletion of ore reserves.
Xstrata also owns and operates the Belledune lead smelter and refinery located 35 km north of Bathurst. In 2009, the smelter produced 83 620 t of lead, compared to 81 329 t in 2008, a 2.8% increase. Xstrata also operates a lead-acid battery recycling plant that produces secondary lead feeds for the smelter.
Quebec
Newalta Corporation of Calgary, Alberta, owns and operates a lead recycling facility in Ville Ste-Catherine, Quebec, just south of Montréal. The facility operates two long rotary kilns, the second kiln having been commissioned during the year. The facility is capable of recycling 3.7 million lead acid batteries per year and has the capacity to produce up to 100 000 t of lead and lead alloys, primarily for the automotive and industrial battery manufacturing industry. In 2009, the company reported production of 62 600 t of lead, compared to 46 300 t in 2008 (2009 Annual Report).
Ontario
Tonolli Canada Ltd. of Mississauga operates a secondary lead smelter and refinery that processes about 60 000 t of lead-acid batteries annually to produce about 35 000 t of lead and lead alloys.
British Columbia
The integrated zinc and lead smelting and refining complex at Trail, owned by Teck Resources Limited, has a capacity of 100 000 t/y of refined lead. The complex produces refined zinc and lead, as well as gold, silver, cadmium, germanium, indium, sulphuric acid, and fertilizers. In 2009, production at Trail was 72 600 t of lead, down from 85 000 t in 2008 (2009 Annual Report). The company reported that this production loss was due to a maintenance shut-down in the drossing plant.
A small amount of lead is contained in concentrates produced at the Myra Falls mine of Breakwater Resources Ltd., located about 65 km west of Campbell River.
Metalex Products Ltd. of Richmond is a secondary lead smelting and refining operation that processes lead-acid batteries and other forms of scrap lead to produce lead and lead alloys for various manufacturing customers. The plant has the capacity to process 300 000 automotive batteries per year.
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS
The Wolverine mine project, located 175 km northwest of Watson Lake, Yukon, owned by Yukon Zinc Corp., continues to proceed through the Yukon government regulatory approvals process. All major permits have been awarded. The deposit contains proven and probable reserves of 5.15 Mt grading 9.71% zinc, 0.93% copper, 1.26% lead, 284.2 g/t silver, and 1.36 g/t gold. Once in production at a daily rate of 1700 t, the mine is expected to produce 53 400 t of zinc in concentrate and 5860 t of lead in concentrate annually over a 10-year mine life. A tailings infrastructure construction plan was recently approved and construction activities at the site are continuing. Yukon Zinc Corp. is owned privately by Jinduicheng Molybdenum Group Ltd. and Northwest Nonferrous International Investment Company Ltd.
Selwyn Resources Ltd. is continuing towards a production decision and the development of an underground mine at its Howard’s Pass zinc-lead project in east-central Yukon. This would be followed by a later expansion to open-pit mining. Initial mining would be at a rate of 8000 t/d. Annual metal output would be approximately 255 000 t of zinc and 65 000 t of lead. The company is proceeding with environmental assessment work and First Nations consultations, as well as with work permit applications for underground development activities. A high-grade mineral resource estimate for four separate deposits is 16.1 Mt grading 10.25% zinc and 4.23% lead. In December, the company announced that it had reached a joint-venture agreement with Yunnan Chihong Zinc & Germanium Co. Ltd. whereby Yunnan could earn a 50% interest in the project by investing $100 million and taking the project to the feasibility stage.
Canadian Zinc Corporation continued permitting activities to advance its Prairie Creek zinc-lead-silver project located in the western Northwest Territories. The project is environmentally sensitive as it lies within the Nahanni River watershed and is surrounded by the recently expanded Nahanni National Park. Activities included filing reports with the Mackenzie Valley Land and Water Board and submitting applications for an environmental assessment. The property consists of a partially developed mine with a 1000-t/d mill and related infrastructure. Published resources include measured and indicated resources of 5.84 Mt grading 10.7% zinc, 9.9% lead, and 161 g/t silver. Some rehabilitation work on the winter road was completed during 2009.
WORLD PRODUCTION
According to the International Lead and Zinc Study Group (ILZSG), world lead mine production for 2009 was 4.03 Mt, up 3.5% from the previous year (Table 6). World refined lead metal production was 8.82 Mt, up 1.9% from 2008 (Table 7). In terms of mine production, Canada ranked eighth behind China, Australia, the United States, Peru, Mexico, India, and Russia. Canada ranked sixth in the world in terms of refined lead production. The top five lead metal-producing countries are China, the United States, Germany, the United Kingdom, and South Korea.
The top five mining companies producing lead are: Xstrata (241 000 t), BHP Billiton (230 000 t), Doe Run Company (135 000 t), Volcan Compania Minera (119 000 t), and Teck Resources (73 000 t), which together account for about 20% of world mine production. Figure 4 shows world lead mine production for the period 2007-09, while Figure 5 shows refined metal production for the same period.
Output from Chinese smelters increased 15% in 2009 following a similar increase in 2008. The general weakness in Western World economies is shown in the 8.3% decline in lead production in Europe and a similar 7% decline in North America. Figure 6 shows lead use in different areas of the world. Table 9 shows Western World secondary lead production for the period 2005-09.
USES
The largest single use of lead today is in the manufacture of the lead-acid storage battery, which is a vital part of every automobile. The average car battery contains about 10 kg of lead. Lead-acid batteries for automotive, industrial, and consumer purposes account for about 75% of world lead usage. In the communications industry, lead is still used extensively as protective sheathing for underground and underwater cables, including transoceanic cable systems. Lead-acid storage batteries are also used for backup power in the telecommunications sector in cell phone towers. With the expected advancement in mobile phone technology, demand for large battery systems will continue to be strong. Certain lead compounds are used as paint pigments. Red lead (lead oxide) is the basic paint primer for iron and steel. Lead compounds are used as stabilizers in plastic (PVC) piping and in decorative glass. Lead’s corrosion-resistant nature also makes it suitable for applications in sheeting for roofing purposes, while its high density imparts radiation attenuation properties that prevent the emission of harmful radiation from television, video, and computer screens. Lead alloys such as lead-antimony are used in batteries and in the chemicals industry for pumps and valves. Lead-tin solders are used for welding metal parts together. In the area of hybrid vehicles, lead starter batteries will still be standard equipment in cars, no matter what hybrid battery system is chosen.
Table 3 shows lead use data for the period 2006-08. Total use in 2008 decreased 15% over the previous year, mostly for recycled lead. Figure 7 shows the breakdown of lead uses in the United States for 2008 (the most recent year for which data are available) and gives a general comparison showing relative percentages of lead used in various applications.
INTERNATIONAL LEAD AND ZINC STUDY GROUP
The International Lead and Zinc Study Group (ILZSG) is an intergovernmental organization that regularly brings together 30 member countries in an international forum to exchange information on lead and zinc. Particular attention is given to providing regular and frequent information on supply, demand, and the outlook for lead and zinc prices and markets. The twice-yearly supply-demand and metal balance reports compiled by ILZSG with member government support are widely used in industry as a basis for determining potential price directions.
The Study Group, headquartered in Lisbon, Portugal, represents most of the world’s major lead- and zinc-producing and using nations. The Group has an extensive information-gathering and dissemination role and acts as an effective mechanism for increasing market transparency related to the production, use, and trade of lead and zinc. The Group is also an important forum for communication among governments, among industry, and between governments and industry. It holds a general session each year in October.
More information on the Group’s activities can be obtained from its web site at www.ilzsg.org/static/home.aspx.
PRICES AND STOCKS
The average annual London Metal Exchange (LME) settlement price for lead in 2009 was US$1726/t, a 17% decrease over the 2008 average. The trend in daily LME cash settlement prices for 2009 is shown in Figure 8. Prices started the year at US$1041/t and rose to almost US$2400/t by year-end. The highest price reached in 2009 was US$2440/t on September 9. Average annual cash settlement prices for the period 1985-2009 are shown in Figure 9 . The trend in lead prices for the period 2005-09, along with stocks, is shown in Figure 10. Lead inventories held in LME warehouses increased from 53 000 t in January to end the year at 147 000 t. Total reported stocks were 385 000 t, an increase of 88 000 t from the previous year. This trend is unusual, as in the past cycle, because prices increased while stocks were decreasing whereas, in 2009, a continued increase in stocks did not have a negative effect on prices.
According to figures from ILZSG, world refined lead usage was 8.77 Mt in 2009, up slightly from 8.64 Mt in 2008 (Table 8). In 2009, the world lead metal balance was in a surplus position of 44 000 t, compared to a surplus of only 5 000 t in 2008.
OUTLOOK
ILZSG predicts that global lead mine production for 2010 will increase by 5.1% to 4.2 Mt, an increase of 202 000 t from 2009 levels, due predominantly to production increases in Australia and Mexico. Refined metal production should increase to 9.4 Mt, representing 660 000 t of added production. This is due to expected added capacity in India and Brazil. It is expected that global refined lead usage will be 9.3 Mt in 2010.
It is also expected that global metal supply will exceed demand by about 96 000 t in 2010. Continued strong demand for automotive batteries in China and other Asian countries will not offset the much slower economic growth predicted for Europe and North America.
Lead prices are expected to vary within the US$1800-$2000/t (US$0.81-$0.91/lb) range during 2010.
OTHER SOURCES OF INFORMATION ON LEAD
Battery Council International
www.batterycouncil.org
Eurometaux (European Association of Metals)
www.eurometaux.org
International Lead Association
www.ila-lead.org
International Lead Management Center
www.ilmc.org
Lead Sheet Association
www.leadsheetassociation.org.uk
London Metal Exchange
www.lme.com
U.S. Geological Survey
http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/lead/
World Bureau of Metal Statistics
www.worldbureau.com
Notes: (1) For definitions and valuation of mineral production, shipments and trade, please refer to the chapter entitled “Definitions and Valuation: Mineral Production, Shipments, and Trade.” (2) Information in this review was current as of May 15, 2010. (3) This and other reviews, including previous editions, are available on the Internet at www.nrcan-rncan.gc.ca/mms-smm/busi-indu/cmy-amc/com-eng.htm.
Note To Readers
The intent of this document is to provide general information and to elicit discussion. It is not intended as a reference, guide or suggestion to be used in trading, investment, or other commercial activities. The author and Natural Resources Canada make no warranty of any kind with respect to the content and accept no liability, either incidental, consequential, financial or otherwise, arising from the use of this document.
Figure 1
Lead Producers in Canada, 2009
Numbers refer to locations on map above.
Figure 2
Canadian Mine Production of Lead, (1) 1998-2009
Source: Natural Resources Canada.
(1) Recoverable lead in ores and concentrates shipped.
Figure 3
Canadian Refined Lead Metal Production, 1998-2009
Source: Natural Resources Canada.
Figure 4
World Lead Mine Production, 2007-09
Source: International Lead and Zinc Study Group.
Figure 5
World Lead Metal Production, 2007-09
Source: International Lead and Zinc Study Group.
Figure 6
World Refined Lead Use, 2007-09
Source: International Lead and Zinc Study Group.
Figure 7
Lead Use in the United States, 2008
Source: U.S. Geological Survey.
Figure 8
Lead, London Metal Exchange Cash Settlement Prices, 2009
Source: metalprices.com.
Figure 9
Lead, Average Cash Settlement Prices, 1985-2009
Source: International Lead and Zinc Study Group.
Figure 10
Lead Prices and Stocks, (1) 2005-09
Source: International Lead and Zinc Study Group.
(1) LME monthly average settlement prices and reported total stocks.
| Item No. | Description | Canada | United States | EU | Japan | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MFN | GPT | USA | Canada (1) | Conventional Rate (1) | WTO (2) | ||
| 2603.00.20 | Copper ores and concentrates: lead content | Free | Free | Free | Free | Free | Free |
| 26.07 | Lead ores and concentrates | Free | Free | Free | Free | Free | Free |
| 2608.00.20 | Zinc ores and concentrates: lead content | Free | Free | Free | Free | Free | Free |
| 2616.10.00.20 | Precious metal ores and concentrates: silver ores and concentrates: lead content | Free | Free | Free | Free | Free | Free |
| 2617.90 | Other ores and concentrates: other | Free | Free | Free | Free | Free | Free |
| 2620.29 | Slag, ash and residues (other than from the manufacture of iron or steel) containing metals, arsenic or their compounds: containing mainly lead: other | Free | Free | Free | Free | Free | Free |
| 2824.90.10 | Lead oxides; red lead and orange lead: other: red lead and orange lead | 3% | Free | Free | Free | 5.5% | 4.7% |
| 78.01 | Unwrought lead | ||||||
| 7801.10 | Refined lead | Free-2.5% | Free | Free | Free | 2.5% | Free-2.7yen/kg |
| 7801.91 | Other: containing by weight antimony as the principal other element | Free | Free | Free | Free | 2.5% (3) | Free-3% |
| 7801.99 | Other: other | 2.5% | Free | Free | Free | Free-2.5% | Free-3% |
| 78.02 | Lead waste and scrap | Free | Free | Free | Free | Free | 2.1% |
| 78.04 | Lead plates, sheets, strip and foil; lead powders and flakes | ||||||
| 7804.11 | Plates, sheets, strip and foil: sheets, strip and foil of a thickness (excluding any backing) not exceeding 0.2 mm | Free-3% | Free | Free | Free | 5% | 3% |
| 7804.19 | Plates, sheets, strip and foil: other | 2.5% | Free | Free | Free | 5% | 3% |
| 7804.20 | Powders and flakes | 2.5% | Free | Free | Free | Free | 3% |
| 78.06 | Other articles of lead | 2.5%-3% | Free | Free | Free | Free-5% | 3% |
| 8001.20 | Unwrought tin: tin alloys | Free | Free | Free | Free | Free | 2.1% |
| 8507.10 | Electric accumulators, including separators, whether or not rectangular (including square): lead-acid, of a kind used for starting piston engines | 7% | 7% | Free | Free | 3.7% | Free |
| 8548.10 | Waste and scrap of primary cells, primary batteries and electric accumulators; spent primary cells, spent primary batteries and spent electric accumulators | Free | Free | Free | Free | Free-4.7% | Free |
Sources: Canadian Customs Tariff, effective January 2010, Canada Border Services Agency; Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States, 2010; Official Journal of the European Union (Tariff Information), October 31, 2009 edition; Customs Tariff Schedules of Japan, 2010.
GPT General Preferential Tariff; MNF Most Favoured Nation; WTO World Trade Organization.
(1) The customs duties applicable to imported goods originating in countries that are Contracting Parties to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade or with which the European Community has concluded agreements containing the most-favoured-nation tariff clause shall be the conventional duties shown in column 3 of the Schedule of Duties. (2) WTO rate is shown; lower tariff rates may apply circumstantially. (3) This information comes from the footnote in the Official Journal of the European Union: "Customs duty autonomously suspended, for an indefinite period, for lead for refining, containing 0,02% or more by weight of silver (bullion lead) (TARIC code 7801 91 00 10). Entry under this subheading is subject to the conditions laid down in the relevant Community provisions (see Articles 291 to 300 of Commission Regulation (EEC) No 2454/93 (OJ 253, 11.10.1993, p.1)."
| 2007 | 2008 | 2009 (p) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (tonnes) | ($000) | (tonnes) | ($000) | (tonnes) | ($000) | ||
| SHIPMENTS (1) | Nova Scotia | 1 194 | 3 309 | 5 742 | 15 560 | – | – |
| New Brunswick | 66 173 | 183 431 | 78 266 | 212 101 | 69 879 | 135 985 | |
| Quebec | – | – | 442 | 1 199 | 80 | 157 | |
| British Columbia | 2 484 | 6 886 | 2 677 | 7 256 | 2 114 | 4 115 | |
| Total | 69 851 | 193 626 | 87 127 | 236 115 | 72 074 | 140 256 | |
| Mine output (2) | 75 135 | . . | 99 810 | . . | 68 624 | . . | |
| Refined production | |||||||
| Primary | 95 577 | . . | 105 526 | . . | 101 484 | . . | |
| Recycled | 141 111 | . . | 153 549 | . . | 157 456 | . . | |
| Total | 236 688 | . . | 259 074 | . . | 258 940 | . . | |
Sources: Natural Resources Canada; Statistics Canada.
– Nil; . . Not available; (p) Preliminary.
(1) Production includes recoverable lead in ores and concentrates shipped valued at the Montréal Exchange average price for the year. (2) Lead content of domestic ores and concentrates exported.
Note: Numbers may not add to totals due to rounding.
| 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (tonnes) | ($000) | (tonnes) | ($000) | (tonnes) | ($000) | ||
| EXPORTS | |||||||
| 2607.00 | Lead ores and concentrates | ||||||
| China | 9 341 | 29 374 | 12 512 | 32 262 | 344 | 896 | |
| United States | 31 | 12 | . . . | 2 | 1 205 | 585 | |
| Hong Kong | – | – | – | – | 106 | 141 | |
| Other countries | 8 101 | 7 383 | 2 998 | 4 002 | – | – | |
| Total | 17 473 | 36 769 | 15 510 | 36 266 | 1 655 | 1 622 | |
| 2608.00.20 | Lead content of zinc ores and concentrates | ||||||
| China | 4 326 | 9 620 | – | – | 40 904 | 15 597 | |
| Belgium | – | – | – | – | 275 | 224 | |
| Other countries | 14 043 | 29 319 | 14 682 | 30 893 | 3 | 5 | |
| Total | 18 369 | 38 939 | 14 682 | 30 893 | 41 182 | 15 826 | |
| 2616.10.20 | Lead content of silver ores and concentrates | ||||||
| Germany | 326 | 685 | 227 | 510 | 281 | 322 | |
| Belgium | 658 | 1 450 | 199 | 477 | – | – | |
| Total | 984 | 2 135 | 426 | 987 | 281 | 322 | |
| 2617.90 | Other ores and concentrates: other | ||||||
| China | 39 | 15 | 764 | 1 211 | 255 | 148 | |
| Other countries | 56 | 66 | 18 | 11 | 1 | 1 | |
| Total | 95 | 81 | 782 | 1 222 | 256 | 149 | |
| 2620.29 | Slag, ash and residues (other than from the manufacture of iron or steel) containing metals, arsenic or their compounds: containing mainly lead: other | ||||||
| Belgium | – | – | – | – | 8 | 8 | |
| Australia | – | – | 54 | 544 | – | – | |
| Total | – | – | 54 | 544 | 8 | 8 | |
| 7801.10 | Refined lead, unwrought | ||||||
| United States | 142 905 | 305 024 | 82 312 | 185 426 | 100 034 | 187 981 | |
| Brazil | – | – | – | – | 1 179 | 2 554 | |
| South Korea | – | – | – | – | 587 | 1 066 | |
| Japan | 1 256 | 3 192 | 3 051 | 7 167 | 388 | 700 | |
| Other countries | 1 | 3 | 517 | 1 086 | 127 | 212 | |
| Total | 144 162 | 308 219 | 85 880 | 193 679 | 102 315 | 192 513 | |
| 7801.91 | Lead, unwrought, containing by weight antimony as the principal other element | ||||||
| United States | 22 040 | 50 421 | 26 621 | 55 445 | 25 974 | 40 346 | |
| China | 1 361 | 2 460 | 313 | 552 | 1 403 | 2 273 | |
| Other countries | 573 | 1 218 | 36 | 85 | – | – | |
| Total | 23 974 | 54 099 | 26 970 | 56 082 | 27 377 | 42 619 | |
| 7801.99 | Lead, unwrought, other | ||||||
| United States | 46 952 | 128 919 | 112 587 | 277 794 | 80 422 | 171 596 | |
| Thailand | – | – | 4 513 | 10 181 | 8 384 | 17 706 | |
| Taiwan | – | – | – | – | 6 860 | 12 365 | |
| China | – | – | – | – | 7 180 | 11 533 | |
| Japan | – | – | 1 020 | 2 098 | 4 531 | 8 938 | |
| South Korea | – | – | – | – | 2 637 | 4 941 | |
| Vietnam | – | – | 719 | 1 454 | 2 442 | 4 260 | |
| Indonesia | 19 | 43 | 244 | 598 | 1 549 | 3 545 | |
| India | 2 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 1 485 | 1 905 | |
| Belgium | 1 051 | 4 502 | 814 | 2 410 | 862 | 1 726 | |
| Pakistan | 2 | 2 | – | – | 834 | 1 401 | |
| Other countries | 9 358 | 19 067 | 1 561 | 3 658 | 683 | 1 543 | |
| Total | 57 384 | 152 535 | 121 461 | 298 198 | 117 869 | 241 459 | |
| 7802.00 | Lead waste and scrap | ||||||
| United States | 1 224 | 1 681 | 1 036 | 1 628 | 854 | 2 186 | |
| India | 185 | 279 | 174 | 195 | 327 | 291 | |
| Other countries | 355 | 404 | 127 | 187 | 45 | 31 | |
| Total | 1 764 | 2 364 | 1 337 | 2 010 | 1 226 | 2 508 | |
| 7804.11 | Lead sheets, strip and foil of a thickness (excluding any backing) less than 0.2 mm | ||||||
| United States | 1 | 18 | – | – | – | – | |
| 7804.19 | Lead plates, sheet, strip and foil, n.e.s. | ||||||
| United States | 601 | 2 046 | 291 | 1 116 | 164 | 561 | |
| Other countries | 72 | 206 | 33 | 126 | 6 | 14 | |
| Total | 673 | 2 252 | 324 | 1 242 | 170 | 575 | |
| 7804.20 | Lead powders and flakes | ||||||
| United States | 1 | 20 | . . . | 2 | . . . | 3 | |
| South Korea | – | – | – | – | 1 | 2 | |
| Other countries | 10 | 25 | – | – | – | – | |
| Total | 11 | 45 | . . . | 2 | 1 | 5 | |
| (n.a.) | ($000) | (n.a.) | ($000) | (n.a.) | ($000) | ||
| 7806.00 | Other articles of lead | ||||||
| United States | . . | 15 029 | . . | 21 269 | . . | 8 399 | |
| South Africa | . . | 411 | . . | 528 | . . | 367 | |
| United Arab Emirates | – | – | . . | 132 | . . | 200 | |
| Other countries | . . | 844 | . . | 667 | . . | 292 | |
| Total | . . | 16 284 | . . | 22 596 | . . | 9 258 | |
| 8001.20 | Unwrought tin, tin alloys | ||||||
| United States | . . | 6 993 | . . | 8 707 | . . | 5 910 | |
| Japan | . . | 405 | . . | 771 | . . | 343 | |
| Other countries | . . | 80 | . . | 124 | . . | 17 | |
| Total | . . | 7 478 | . . | 9 602 | . . | 6 270 | |
| (number) | ($000) | (number) | ($000) | (number) | ($000) | ||
| 8507.10 | Electric accumulators, lead-acid of a kind used for starting piston engines | ||||||
| United States | 7 363 | 2 118 | 11 627 | 3 082 | 14 161 | 2 129 | |
| Cuba | 352 | 128 | 20 | 2 | 496 | 67 | |
| Ukraine | 1 | . . . | – | – | 697 | 52 | |
| Bahamas | – | – | – | – | 350 | 16 | |
| Grenada | – | – | – | – | 361 | 13 | |
| Australia | 3 | . . . | – | – | 23 | 12 | |
| Saint Lucia | – | – | – | – | 250 | 11 | |
| Other countries | 3 849 | 328 | 88 643 | 1 003 | 563 | 49 | |
| Total | 11 568 | 2 574 | 100 290 | 4 087 | 16 901 | 2 349 | |
| (n.a.) | ($000) | (n.a.) | ($000) | (n.a.) | ($000) | ||
| 8548.10 | Waste and scrap of primary cells, primary batteries and electric accumulators; spent primary cells, spent primary batteries and spent electric accumulators | ||||||
| United States | . . | 7 384 | . . | 11 243 | . . | 11 297 | |
| Other countries | . . | 254 | . . | 171 | . . | 42 | |
| Total | . . | 7 638 | . . | 11 414 | . . | 11 339 | |
| Total exports | . . | 631 430 | . . | 668 824 | . . | 526 822 | |
| (tonnes) | ($000) | (tonnes) | ($000) | (tonnes) | ($000) | ||
| IMPORTS (1) | |||||||
| 2603.00.00.20 | Copper ores and concentrates, lead content | ||||||
| United States | 1 | 1 | – | – | – | – | |
| 2607.00 | Lead ores and concentrates | ||||||
| United States | 39 233 | 188 799 | 47 709 | 211 647 | 45 007 | 172 871 | |
| Peru | 1 123 | 24 920 | 1 760 | 10 048 | 85 | 44 966 | |
| Australia | 1 865 | 14 385 | 6 692 | 23 442 | 6 627 | 25 303 | |
| Spain | 4 876 | 24 769 | 45 | 22 984 | 17 | 10 864 | |
| Colombia | – | – | – | – | 6 | 10 208 | |
| Mexico | – | – | . . . | . . . | 1 029 | 7 633 | |
| Netherlands | 1 719 | 3 507 | 9 090 | 3 245 | 1 674 | 6 642 | |
| United Kingdom | – | – | 4 | 2 136 | 9 | 5 216 | |
| Other countries | 1 762 | 32 233 | 271 | 8 713 | . . . | . . . | |
| Total | 50 578 | 288 613 | 65 571 | 282 215 | 54 454 | 283 703 | |
| 2608.00.00.20 | Lead content of zinc ores and concentrates | ||||||
| United States | 1 666 | 2 985 | 173 | 246 | – | – | |
| 2616.10.00.20 | Lead content of silver ores and concentrates | ||||||
| Bolivia | 30 | 30 | 218 | 219 | 271 | 292 | |
| Peru | – | – | – | – | 121 | 126 | |
| Panama | – | – | 43 | 43 | – | – | |
| Total | 30 | 30 | 261 | 262 | 392 | 418 | |
| 2617.90.00.90 | Other ores and concentrates: other: other | ||||||
| Belgium | – | – | 1 116 | 360 | 5 | 564 | |
| United States | 865 | 245 | 3 429 | 419 | 2 031 | 431 | |
| Turkey | 519 | 318 | 232 | 120 | 176 | 119 | |
| Germany | 8 | 2 | 3 | 15 | 176 | 53 | |
| China | 2 | 9 | 19 | 7 | 45 | 17 | |
| Chile | 1 | . . . | 18 | 2 | 29 | 12 | |
| Panama | . . . | . . . | 62 | 9 | 26 | 11 | |
| Senegal | 24 | 3 | 54 | 10 | 40 | 10 | |
| Other countries | 353 | 322 | 322 | 112 | 87 | 23 | |
| Total | 1 772 | 899 | 5 255 | 1 054 | 2 615 | 1 240 | |
| 2620.29.00 | Slag, ash and residues (other than from the manufacture of iron or steel) containing metals, arsenic or their compounds: containing mainly lead: other | ||||||
| United States | 1 502 | 775 | 1 619 | 851 | 604 | 330 | |
| Belgium | – | – | – | – | 80 | 42 | |
| Other countries | 11 | 2 275 | – | – | 1 | . . . | |
| Total | 1 513 | 3 050 | 1 619 | 851 | 685 | 372 | |
| 2824.90.10 | Other: red lead and orange lead | ||||||
| United States | 438 | 482 | . . . | . . . | 101 | 111 | |
| Taiwan | – | – | – | – | . . . | . . . | |
| Total | 438 | 482 | . . . | . . . | 101 | 111 | |
| 7801.10.10 | Refined lead, unwrought, pig and block | ||||||
| United States | 4 415 | 6 180 | 4 516 | 8 288 | 4 062 | 7 162 | |
| Other countries | 111 | 209 | 42 | 88 | – | – | |
| Total | 4 526 | 6 389 | 4 558 | 8 376 | 4 062 | 7 162 | |
| 7801.10.90 | Refined lead, unwrought, other | ||||||
| United States | 486 | 859 | 1 699 | 3 135 | 1 285 | 2 417 | |
| Other countries | 1 | 3 | 6 | 12 | 8 | 14 | |
| Total | 487 | 862 | 1 705 | 3 147 | 1 293 | 2 431 | |
| 7801.91 | Lead, unwrought, containing by weight antimony as the principal other element | ||||||
| Cuba | 236 | 388 | 269 | 524 | 296 | 354 | |
| United States | 261 | 380 | 1 044 | 1 699 | 204 | 334 | |
| Other countries | 4 | 5 | 178 | 290 | 25 | 50 | |
| Total | 501 | 773 | 1 491 | 2 513 | 525 | 738 | |
| 7801.99 | Lead, unwrought, other | ||||||
| United States | 164 | 266 | 35 | 59 | 500 | 829 | |
| Belgium | – | – | – | – | 11 | 17 | |
| Other countries | 1 | 2 | . . . | . . . | 4 | 9 | |
| Total | 165 | 268 | 35 | 59 | 515 | 855 | |
| 7802.00 | Lead waste and scrap | ||||||
| United States | 64 394 | 34 254 | 93 142 | 59 762 | 78 813 | 39 008 | |
| Norway | – | – | – | – | 5 | 2 | |
| Other countries | 407 | 657 | 187 | 69 | 18 | 4 | |
| Total | 64 801 | 34 911 | 93 329 | 59 831 | 78 836 | 39 014 | |
| 7804.11 | Lead sheets, strip and foil of a thickness (excluding any backing) less than 0.2 mm | ||||||
| United States | 1 104 | 3 188 | 330 | 1 806 | 518 | 2 374 | |
| New Zealand | 7 | 116 | 11 | 160 | 4 | 123 | |
| Germany | 4 | 33 | 6 | 61 | 6 | 65 | |
| United Kingdom | 5 | 30 | 4 | 42 | 5 | 38 | |
| Other countries | . . . | 5 | 3 | 29 | . . . | 1 | |
| Total | 1 120 | 3 372 | 354 | 2 098 | 533 | 2 601 | |
| 7804.19 | Lead plates, sheet, strip and foil, n.e.s. | ||||||
| United States | 219 | 448 | 201 | 598 | 147 | 411 | |
| United Kingdom | 20 | 39 | 18 | 53 | 24 | 70 | |
| Germany | 4 | 9 | 2 | 6 | 2 | 7 | |
| Other countries | 3 | 3 | 7 | 9 | 2 | 5 | |
| Total | 246 | 499 | 228 | 666 | 175 | 493 | |
| 7804.20 | Lead powders and flakes | ||||||
| United States | 316 | 669 | 201 | 772 | 195 | 641 | |
| Other countries | . . . | . . . | . . . | 1 | – | – | |
| Total | 316 | 669 | 201 | 773 | 195 | 641 | |
| 7806.00 | Other articles of lead | ||||||
| United States | 1 814 | 6 806 | 1 247 | 7 239 | 788 | 6 632 | |
| China | 42 | 163 | 25 | 158 | 86 | 323 | |
| Germany | 104 | 189 | 24 | 201 | 20 | 199 | |
| Japan | 40 | 765 | 14 | 238 | 10 | 183 | |
| Other countries | 61 | 191 | 23 | 247 | 9 | 89 | |
| Total | 2 061 | 8 114 | 1 333 | 8 083 | 913 | 7 426 | |
| 8001.20.00.20 | Unwrought tin: tin-antimony alloys | ||||||
| United States | . . | 74 | . . | 65 | . . | 55 | |
| Mexico | . . | 56 | . . | 6 | . . | 8 | |
| China | . . | . . . | – | – | – | – | |
| Total | . . | 130 | . . | 71 | . . | 63 | |
| (number) | ($000) | (number) | ($000) | (number) | ($000) | ||
| 8507.10.00.90 | Electric accumulators. Lead-acid of a kind used for starting piston engines: other | ||||||
| United States | 1 777 289 | 91 573 | 1 719 298 | 92 133 | 645 333 | 25 221 | |
| South Korea | 259 038 | 8 918 | 304 503 | 13 843 | 251 095 | 7 920 | |
| China | 37 454 | 652 | 77 850 | 1 595 | 89 758 | 1 862 | |
| Switzerland | 15 190 | 1 970 | 19 263 | 2 585 | 8 622 | 1 348 | |
| Mexico | 51 923 | 4 522 | 97 277 | 8 505 | 16 675 | 1 235 | |
| Taiwan | 55 827 | 1 395 | 46 458 | 1 142 | 37 529 | 934 | |
| Other countries | 29 206 | 957 | 31 071 | 1 055 | 27 238 | 686 | |
| Total | 2 225 927 | 109 987 | 2 295 720 | 120 858 | 1 076 250 | 39 206 | |
| (n.a.) | ($000) | (n.a.) | ($000) | (n.a.) | ($000) | ||
| 8548.10 | Waste and scrap of primary cells, primary batteries and electric accumulators; spent primary cells, spent primary batteries and spent electric accumulators | ||||||
| United States | . . | 11 126 | . . | 12 583 | . . | 18 214 | |
| Singapore | – | – | – | – | . . | 109 | |
| China | . . | 25 | . . | 99 | . . | 78 | |
| United Kingdom | . . | 5 | . . | 348 | . . | 17 | |
| Other countries | . . | 321 | . . | 199 | . . | 8 | |
| Total | . . | 11 477 | . . | 13 229 | . . | 18 426 | |
| Total imports | . . | 473 511 | . . | 504 332 | . . | 404 900 | |
Sources: Natural Resources Canada; Statistics Canada.
– Nil; . . Not available; . . . Amount too small to be expressed; n.a. Not applicable; (p) Preliminary.
(1) Imports from "other countries" may include re-imports from Canada.
Note: Numbers may not add to totals due to rounding.
| 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary | Recycled (2) | Total | Primary | Recycled (2) | Total | Primary | Recycled (2) | Total | |
| (tonnes) | |||||||||
| Lead used for or in the production of: | |||||||||
| Antimonial lead | x | x | 34 241 | x | x | 30 532 | x | x | 33 565 |
| Batteries and battery oxides | x | x | x | 1 366 | x | x | x | x | x |
| Chemical uses; white lead, red lead, litharge, tetraethyl lead, etc. | x | – | x | 3 868 | – | x | x | – | x |
| Copper alloys; brass, bronze, etc. | x | x | 12 | 6 | x | 9 | – | x | x |
| Lead alloys: | |||||||||
| Solders | x | x | x | 180 | x | x | x | x | x |
| Others (including babbit, type metals, etc.) | x | x | x | 268 | x | x | x | x | x |
| Semi-finished products: | |||||||||
| Pipe, sheet, traps, bends, blocks for caulking, ammunition, etc. | x | x | x | 2 999 | x | x | x | x | x |
| Other lead products | 2 496 | 2 119 | 4 615 | 2 154 | 2 704 | 4 858 | 1 491 | 2 512 | 4 003 |
| Total, all categories | 28 633 | 39 433 | 68 066 | 18 577 | 29 851 | 48 428 | 19 921 | 36 591 | 56 512 |
Source: Natural Resources Canada.
– Nil; x Confidential.
(1) Available data, as reported by users. (2) Includes all remelt scrap lead used to make antimonial lead.
Note: This survey is currently suspended by Natural Resources Canada. Numbers may not add to totals due to rounding.
| Production | Domestic Exports (1) | Imports |
Quantity Used (3) |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All Forms (2) | Refined |
In Ores and Concentrates |
Refined | Total | |||||
| Primary | Secondary | Total | Refined | ||||||
| (tonnes) | |||||||||
| 1988 | 351 148 | 179 461 | 88 615 | 268 076 | 200 822 | 179 946 | 380 769 | 15 133 | 88 728 |
| 1989 | 268 887 | 157 330 | 85 515 | 242 845 | 170 582 | 121 444 | 292 027 | 11 734 | 88 408 |
| 1990 | 233 372 | 87 180 | 96 465 | 183 645 | 221 566 | 84 007 | 305 573 | 11 781 | 72 203 |
| 1991 | 248 102 | 106 420 | 105 946 | 212 366 | 175 150 | 86 631 | 261 781 | 7 553 | 80 253 |
| 1992 | 339 626 | 151 252 | 101 633 | 252 885 | 190 822 | 131 546 | 322 368 | 8 289 | 92 420 |
| 1993 | 183 105 | 147 907 | 69 107 | 217 014 | 96 428 | 124 610 | 221 039 | 11 611 | 91 915 |
| 1994 | 167 584 | 153 035 | 98 605 | 251 640 | 55 923 | 133 203 | 189 127 | 5 119 | 95 764 |
| 1995 | 204 227 | 178 019 | 103 372 | 281 390 | 90 254 | 140 478 | 230 732 | 3 969 | 91 171 |
| 1996 | 241 751 | 192 877 | 117 914 | 310 791 | 154 696 | 159 859 | 314 555 | 4 180 | 93 373 |
| 1997 | 170 847 | 139 736 | 131 659 | 271 395 | 112 694 | 155 639 | 268 333 | 5 841 | 92 997 |
| 1998 | 150 019 | 129 750 | 135 737 | 265 487 | 52 249 | 145 358 | 197 607 | 6 460 | 87 466 |
| 1999 | 155 369 | 148 526 | 117 889 | 266 414 | 58 831 | 139 622 | 198 453 | 7 662 | 92 557 |
| 2000 | 143 303 | 159 192 | 125 141 | 284 333 | 50 524 | 148 427 | 198 952 | 7 029 | 81 365 |
| 2001 | 150 389 | 127 007 | 103 921 | 230 928 | 69 093 | 126 651 | 195 743 | 5 111 | 56 905 |
| 2002 | 101 330 | 136 896 | 114 664 | 251 560 | 53 183 | 144 178 | 197 360 | 3 619 | 66 575 |
| 2003 | 92 934 | 118 506 | 104 927 | 223 434 | 22 068 | 129 737 | 151 805 | 4 038 | 68 359 |
| 2004 | 72 773 | 131 717 | 109 453 | 241 169 | 11 179 | 130 491 | 141 671 | 5 822 | 71 738 |
| 2005 | 72 828 | 109 996 | 120 241 | 230 237 | 14 524 | 141 088 | 155 612 | 3 477 | 68 066 |
| 2006 | 79 171 | 115 989 | 134 475 | 250 464 | 17 063 | 165 186 | 182 249 | 5 869 | 48 428 |
| 2007 | 69 851 | 95 577 | 141 111 | 236 688 | 36 781 | 144 848 | 181 629 | 6 695 | 56 512 |
| 2008 (r) | 87 127 | 105 526 | 153 549 | 259 074 | 27 632 | 86 205 | 113 837 | 7 050 | . . |
| 2009 (p) | 72 074 | 101 484 | 157 456 | 258 940 | 42 791 | 102 485 | 145 276 | 6 257 | . . |
Sources: Natural Resources Canada; Statistics Canada.
. . Not available; (p) Preliminary; (r) Revised.
(1) Beginning in 1988, exports and imports are based on the Harmonized System and may not be in complete accordance with previous method of reporting. Exports in ores and concentrates include HS classes 2603.00.20, 2607.00.20, 2608.00.20 and 2616.10.20. Refined exports include HS classes 7801.10, 7803.00, 7804.11, 7804.19 and 7804.20. Refined imports include HS classes 7801.10.10, 7801.10.90, 7803.00, 7804.11, 7804.19 and 7804.20. (2) Recoverable lead in ores and concentrates shipped. (3) Use of lead, primary and secondary in origin, as measured by a survey of consumers.
| London Metal Exchange | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Settlement | Three Months | |||
| (US$/t) | (US¢/lb) | (US$/t) | (US¢/lb) | |
| 1980 | 909.12 | 41.24 | 911.46 | 41.34 |
| 1981 | 734.73 | 33.33 | 750.12 | 34.03 |
| 1982 | 544.08 | 24.68 | 562.53 | 25.52 |
| 1983 | 425.27 | 19.29 | 440.55 | 19.98 |
| 1984 | 444.36 | 20.16 | 445.25 | 20.20 |
| 1985 | 394.10 | 17.88 | 394.12 | 17.88 |
| 1986 | 406.89 | 18.46 | 407.26 | 18.47 |
| 1987 | 597.41 | 27.10 | 567.38 | 25.74 |
| 1988 | 655.83 | 29.75 | 635.68 | 28.83 |
| 1989 | 676.14 | 30.67 | 659.36 | 29.91 |
| 1990 | 817.85 | 37.10 | 790.82 | 35.87 |
| 1991 | 557.84 | 25.30 | 568.90 | 25.81 |
| 1992 | 540.04 | 24.50 | 553.56 | 25.11 |
| 1993 | 406.38 | 18.43 | 420.36 | 19.07 |
| 1994 | 549.01 | 24.90 | 564.10 | 25.59 |
| 1995 | 630.51 | 28.60 | 638.88 | 28.98 |
| 1996 | 773.96 | 35.11 | 771.22 | 34.98 |
| 1997 | 624.08 | 28.31 | 633.01 | 28.71 |
| 1998 | 528.42 | 23.97 | 533.29 | 24.19 |
| 1999 | 502.24 | 22.78 | 508.89 | 23.08 |
| 2000 | 454.22 | 20.60 | 468.07 | 21.23 |
| 2001 | 476.04 | 21.59 | 483.24 | 21.92 |
| 2002 | 452.52 | 20.53 | 461.65 | 20.94 |
| 2003 | 515.66 | 23.39 | 517.53 | 23.48 |
| 2004 | 888.41 | 40.30 | 850.63 | 38.58 |
| 2005 | 975.65 | 44.26 | 941.41 | 42.70 |
| 2006 | 1 285.28 | 58.30 | 1 280.47 | 58.08 |
| 2007 | 2 600.38 | 117.95 | 2 571.26 | 117.39 |
| 2008 | 2 078.83 | 94.29 | 2 080.91 | 94.39 |
| 2009 | 1 726.35 | 78.30 | 1 740.94 | 78.96 |
Source: International Lead and Zinc Study Group.
| 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 (p) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (000 tonnes) | |||||
| EUROPE | |||||
| Bulgaria | 13 | 10 | 15 | 15 | 18 |
| Greece | 3 | 11 | 16 | 15 | 10 |
| Ireland | 72 | 62 | 57 | 50 | 49 |
| Italy | 6 | 6 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
| Macedonia | – | 10 | 32 | 40 | 40 |
| Poland | 51 | 50 | 51 | 48 | 39 |
| Romania | 12 | 12 | 1 | – | – |
| Russia | 36 | 34 | 48 | 60 | 78 |
| Spain | – | – | – | – | 3 |
| Serbia and Montenegro | 2 | 7 | 1 | 3 | 7 |
| Sweden | 61 | 56 | 63 | 64 | 72 |
| Other | . . | . . | . . | 3 | 3 |
| Total Europe | 256 | 258 | 287 | 301 | 322 |
| AFRICA | |||||
| Morocco | 64 | 54 | 36 | 34 | 36 |
| Namibia | 14 | 11 | 11 | 14 | 13 |
| South Africa | 42 | 48 | 42 | 46 | 49 |
| Other Africa | 10 | 1 | 1 | 12 | 10 |
| Total Africa | 130 | 114 | 90 | 106 | 108 |
| AMERICAS | |||||
| Canada | 79 | 82 | 75 | 99 | 69 |
| Mexico | 134 | 133 | 137 | 141 | 155 |
| Peru | 319 | 313 | 329 | 345 | 302 |
| United States | 432 | 427 | 434 | 410 | 415 |
| Other Americas | 43 | 53 | 65 | 131 | 142 |
| Total Americas | 1 007 | 1 008 | 1 040 | 1 126 | 1 083 |
| ASIA | |||||
| China | 1 142 | 1 331 | 1 402 | 1 543 | 1 760 |
| India | 58 | 66 | 78 | 84 | 88 |
| Iran | 20 | 31 | 25 | 30 | 34 |
| Japan | 3 | 1 | – | – | – |
| Kazakhstan | 45 | 66 | 40 | 39 | 40 |
| North Korea | 20 | 25 | 35 | 33 | 33 |
| Turkey | 19 | 14 | 14 | 18 | 18 |
| Other Asia | 3 | 2 | 11 | 22 | 20 |
| Total Asia | 1 309 | 1 536 | 1 605 | 1 769 | 1 993 |
| OCEANIA | |||||
| Australia | 715 | 621 | 589 | 594 | 525 |
| Total world | 3 423 | 3 537 | 3 610 | 3 896 | 4 031 |
Sources: Natural Resources Canada; International Lead and Zinc Study Group.
– Nil; . . Not available; (p) Preliminary.
| 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 (p) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (000 tonnes) | |||||
| EUROPE | |||||
| Belgium | 97 | 101 | 117 | 109 | 125 |
| Bulgaria | 81 | 76 | 87 | 91 | 83 |
| Czech Republic | 26 | 28 | 26 | 36 | 36 |
| France | 90 | 88 | 88 | 82 | 62 |
| Germany | 418 | 379 | 405 | 415 | 388 |
| Italy | 211 | 191 | 212 | 200 | 149 |
| Poland | 88 | 96 | 104 | 108 | 96 |
| Russia | 66 | 80 | 103 | 112 | 118 |
| Spain | 110 | 129 | 128 | 145 | 130 |
| Sweden | 73 | 75 | 70 | 56 | 49 |
| United Kingdom | 304 | 298 | 275 | 303 | 312 |
| Other Europe | 135 | 142 | 151 | 155 | 114 |
| Total Europe | 1 702 | 1 683 | 1 766 | 1 812 | 1 662 |
| AFRICA | |||||
| Morocco | 54 | 45 | 45 | 37 | 14 |
| South Africa | 65 | 67 | 59 | 62 | 58 |
| Other Africa | 11 | 9 | 13 | 17 | 18 |
| Total Africa | 130 | 121 | 117 | 116 | 90 |
| AMERICAS | |||||
| Argentina | 45 | 45 | 46 | 48 | 48 |
| Brazil | 42 | 44 | 45 | 48 | 48 |
| Canada | 230 | 250 | 237 | 259 | 259 |
| Mexico | 256 | 253 | 255 | 255 | 234 |
| Peru | 122 | 120 | 117 | 114 | 26 |
| United States | 1 293 | 1 303 | 1 303 | 1 280 | 1 240 |
| Other Americas | 55 | 57 | 55 | 69 | 70 |
| Total Americas | 2 043 | 2 072 | 2 058 | 2 073 | 1 925 |
| ASIA | |||||
| China | 2 391 | 2 715 | 2 788 | 3 206 | 3 708 |
| India | 59 | 104 | 124 | 165 | 207 |
| Japan | 275 | 280 | 276 | 279 | 247 |
| Kazakhstan | 142 | 139 | 118 | 98 | 89 |
| Malaysia | 42 | 44 | 17 | 39 | 42 |
| South Korea | 256 | 240 | 260 | 270 | 290 |
| Thailand | 61 | 61 | 67 | 73 | 60 |
| Other Asia | 248 | 261 | 274 | 252 | 247 |
| Total Asia | 3 486 | 3 844 | 3 924 | 4 382 | 4 890 |
| OCEANIA | |||||
| Australia | 268 | 241 | 238 | 261 | 235 |
| New Zealand | 7 | 7 | 11 | 9 | 13 |
| Total Oceania | 276 | 248 | 249 | 270 | 248 |
| Total world | 7 636 | 7 968 | 8 114 | 8 653 | 8 815 |
Sources: Natural Resources Canada; International Lead and Zinc Study Group.
(p) Preliminary.
| 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 (p) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (000 tonnes) | |||||
| EUROPE | |||||
| Austria | 28 | 30 | 25 | 34 | 33 |
| Czech Republic | 103 | 86 | 77 | 76 | 93 |
| France | 215 | 210 | 210 | 190 | 117 |
| Germany | 407 | 387 | 408 | 369 | 314 |
| Ireland | 53 | 48 | 58 | 42 | 35 |
| Italy | 269 | 285 | 269 | 276 | 220 |
| Netherlands | 30 | 30 | 26 | 25 | 22 |
| Poland | 94 | 108 | 101 | 99 | 78 |
| Russia | 80 | 79 | 76 | 75 | 68 |
| Spain | 270 | 272 | 260 | 248 | 233 |
| United Kingdom | 271 | 270 | 239 | 236 | 208 |
| Other Europe | 185 | 190 | 190 | 180 | 144 |
| Total Europe | 2 002 | 1 995 | 1 939 | 1 850 | 1 565 |
| AFRICA | |||||
| Algeria | 15 | 14 | 13 | 10 | 9 |
| Egypt | 7 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 5 |
| South Africa | 74 | 75 | 69 | 74 | 59 |
| Other Africa | 18 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 15 |
| Total Africa | 113 | 111 | 104 | 107 | 88 |
| AMERICAS | |||||
| Brazil | 119 | 114 | 102 | 129 | 126 |
| Canada | 42 | 41 | 32 | 31 | 38 |
| Mexico | 267 | 271 | 235 | 215 | 167 |
| United States | 1 586 | 1 611 | 1 510 | 1 515 | 1 426 |
| Other Americas | 127 | 122 | 128 | 123 | 107 |
| Total Americas | 2 132 | 2 159 | 2 007 | 2 013 | 1 864 |
| ASIA | |||||
| China | 1 973 | 2 213 | 2 573 | 3 211 | 3 860 |
| India | 160 | 170 | 175 | 181 | 187 |
| Indonesia | 72 | 79 | 85 | 103 | 86 |
| Iran | 61 | 65 | 68 | 65 | 55 |
| Japan | 291 | 303 | 279 | 261 | 189 |
| Malaysia | 85 | 90 | 68 | 64 | 55 |
| South Korea | 384 | 337 | 342 | 312 | 320 |
| Taiwan | 132 | 135 | 111 | 70 | 102 |
| Thailand | 129 | 141 | 134 | 124 | 127 |
| Other Asia | 215 | 246 | 270 | 261 | 251 |
| Total Asia | 3 533 | 3 779 | 4 105 | 4 652 | 5 232 |
| OCEANIA | |||||
| Australia | 28 | 27 | 25 | 23 | 20 |
| New Zealand | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
| Total Oceania | 29 | 29 | 27 | 26 | 22 |
| Total World | 7 809 | 8 073 | 8 182 | 8 648 | 8 771 |
Sources: Natural Resources Canada; International Lead and Zinc Study Group.
(p) Preliminary.
| 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 (p) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (000 tonnes) | |||||
| EUROPE | |||||
| Austria | 22 | 22 | 22 | 23 | 23 |
| Belgium | 103 | 101 | 117 | 109 | 125 |
| France | 90 | 88 | 88 | 82 | 62 |
| Germany | 277 | 265 | 294 | 302 | 272 |
| Greece | – | 6 | 11 | 11 | 10 |
| Ireland | 23 | 22 | 22 | 20 | 18 |
| Italy | 162 | 156 | 164 | 158 | 134 |
| Netherlands | 17 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 17 |
| Slovenia | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 14 |
| Spain | 110 | 129 | 128 | 145 | 130 |
| Sweden | 46 | 50 | 44 | 43 | 40 |
| United Kingdom | 143 | 166 | 164 | 165 | 154 |
| Other Europe | 11 | 13 | 14 | 13 | 3 |
| Total Europe | 1 019 | 1 049 | 1 099 | 1 102 | 1 002 |
| AFRICA | |||||
| Algeria | 6 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 6 |
| Morocco | 3 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 5 |
| Nigeria | 3 | 3 | 3 | 8 | 8 |
| South Africa | 65 | 67 | 59 | 62 | 58 |
| Other Africa | 2 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 4 |
| Total Africa | 79 | 81 | 77 | 83 | 81 |
| AMERICAS | |||||
| Argentina | 35 | 35 | 36 | 38 | 39 |
| Brazil | 42 | 44 | 45 | 48 | 48 |
| Canada | 120 | 134 | 141 | 154 | 157 |
| Colombia | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 |
| El Salvador | 10 | 10 | 10 | 11 | 12 |
| Mexico | 110 | 114 | 114 | 114 | 117 |
| United States | 1 155 | 1 150 | 1 183 | 1 184 | 1 134 |
| Venezuela | 35 | 36 | 36 | 47 | 48 |
| Total Americas | 1 517 | 1 533 | 1 575 | 1 606 | 1 565 |
| ASIA | |||||
| India | 35 | 56 | 70 | 103 | 144 |
| Indonesia | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 |
| Iran | 49 | 52 | 54 | 68 | 69 |
| Japan | 168 | 172 | 172 | 172 | 151 |
| Malaysia | 30 | 35 | 12 | 27 | 30 |
| Philippines | 30 | 30 | 34 | 34 | 32 |
| South Korea | 73 | 62 | 74 | 76 | 78 |
| Taiwan, China | 55 | 54 | 54 | 38 | 36 |
| Thailand | 61 | 61 | 67 | 73 | 60 |
| Other Asia | 74 | 74 | 81 | 78 | 77 |
| Total Asia | 593 | 614 | 624 | 687 | 695 |
| OCEANIA | |||||
| Australia | 38 | 35 | 37 | 40 | 30 |
| New Zealand | 7 | 7 | 11 | 9 | 13 |
| Total Oceania | 45 | 42 | 48 | 49 | 43 |
| Total Western World | 3 253 | 3 319 | 3 423 | 3 528 | 3 387 |
Sources: Natural Resources Canada; International Lead and Zinc Study Group.
– Nil; (p) Preliminary.
(1) Refined lead and lead alloys (lead content) produced from scrap, waste, and residues.