Sustainable Development
Sustainable Development Strategy, 1997-2001
Safeguarding our Assets, Securing our Future
Appendices
Appendix A: Sustainable Development Issues: the Public View
Appendix B: Measuring our Progress
Appendix C: Consultations
Appendix D: NRCan Departmental Profile
Appendix E: Glossary
Appendix A: Sustainable Development Issues: the Public View
In establishing our sustainable development priorities, Canadians must decide - as a
society - just what it is we want from our natural resources and what we are willing to do
to ensure their sustainability. The following section highlights what we believe to be the
key issues and concerns of Canadians regarding the sustainable development of natural
resources.
These issues were developed based on various consultations and analyses conducted in
the past few years for undertakings including the Whitehorse Mining Initiative, the
National Forest Strategy, Criteria and Indicators for Sustainable Forest Management,
climate change and energy efficiency programs, as well as public opinion polls. These
issues were reviewed and refined during consultations on the sustainable development
strategy itself. The issues presented reflect what we believe the Canadian public
perceives to be the top priorities.
Maintaining a Healthy Environment
In the same way that our actions have direct impacts on the environment, the
environment also has a direct bearing on human health and our quality of life. The
environment is our life-support system - providing the water we drink, the air we breathe
andthe soils for crops and forests that we need to survive. Canadians increasingly
understand our symbiotic relationship with nature, and the relationship between the
environment and human health. A recent survey indicated that 64 per cent of Canadians
believe their health has been affected by pollution over the past few years.
All human activity causes some degree of environmental degradation. The challenge is to
minimize this degradation to a level consistent with society's values and objectives and
that safe guards the ecological functions of ecosystems that support life.
More and more, Canadians recognize it is often easier and more cost-effective to
prevent pollution and degradation than to rehabilitate and correct damage after it has
occurred. Pollution prevention has the additional benefit of encouraging the kinds of
changes that are likely to lead to lower production costs, increased efficiencies, reduced
consumption of resources and more effective protection of the environment. Stricter
regulations - such as those to reduce dioxin and furan formation in pulp and paper
production or to ensure the safe disposal of nuclear wastes - and non-regulatory measures
such as the Accelerated Reduction and Elimination of Toxics (ARET) program, can reduce
risks to both the environment and human health (Figure 19 and Figure 20).
A Non-regulatory Approach to Reducing Emissions
The ARET Challenge was launched in March 1994 by a group representing different
industries, health and academic associations, as well as federal and provincial
governments. Companies representing 91 per cent of Canada's base metal production and all
non ferrous smelters have now joined ARET. Action plans have been submitted to reduce
emissions of 12 substances by 71 per cent from 1988 levels by the year 2000. Industry
estimates it may surpass this goal and achieve a 74 per cent reduction.
Creating Jobs and Building Stable Communities
Canada's wealth of natural resources is a significant contributor to our high standard
of living. The energy, mineral and forest industries provide 750,000 high-paying jobs for
Canadians. Another million people work for companies providing products and services to
these industries such as banks, equipment manufacturers, consulting firms, investment
dealers, the transportation industry and research groups. A survey in Toronto discovered
33 mining companies with head offices in that city had payrolls worth $63 million and
total company revenues of close to $9 billion.
The resource sector is at the leading edge in introducing and utilizing new
technologies. For instance, roughly 85 per cent of the mining workforce today uses
advanced technology. The use of technology has contributed to a 69 per cent increase in
labour productivity in the decade ending in 1995. While these trends create jobs in
knowledge and service industries, they can also lead to job losses when traditional skills
are no longer needed.
Five hundred communities depend on natural resources as their primary source of jobs
and economic livelihood. A challenge of sustainable development is to promote the
longer-term viability of Canada's resource communities, many of which are located in rural
and remote regions. Many communities are seeking to diversify their economies, either to
augment their resource industry or to replace an industry no longer viable. For example,
Sudbury has developed its service economy to supplement its existing mining industry and
Elliot Lake has developed its potential as a retirement community following the closure of
its mining industry. Ensuring access to education, training, infrastructure,
communications, capital, research and development, and other economic development tools is
vital for rural Canadians to meet their socio-economic needs.
Balancing Demands for Land Use
Communities facing development decisions frequently find themselves trying to reconcile
often competing values and alternative uses that make demands on the land base. Proponents
of resource development (agriculture, forestry, fisheries, energy or mining) may be
competing with those promoting urban development, parks, wilderness spaces or recreation
and tourism. In some areas, Aboriginal interest and title to land is still being
determined through various land claims processes.
Not all land uses are mutually exclusive. Some, such as mining within an area producing
timber, may be compatible. Others, such as urban development and a wilderness area, are
not. An objective of sustainable development is to encourage, where practical, the
co-existence of various activities - often an achievable goal with proper planning,
effective property rights and good land management. Problems must be resolved through open
and structured planning processes that involve local communities and Aboriginal people.
In determining whether land should be left in its natural state or developed, Canadians
are confronted with the sustainable development challenge: finding ways to integrate the
social, economic and environmental needs of themselves and their neighbours
Changing Consumption
North Americans account for eight per cent of the world's population yet produce half
the world's solid waste. Canadians, alone, generate 16 million tonnes of residential waste
each year. This trend underscores the need to make more efficient use of natural resource
products on which we depend.
Minerals, petroleum and forests form the basis for most of the durable goods we use in
our everyday lives, from the most common consumer products to the latest technologies for
the information highway. The lumber to build our houses, metals to manufacture high-tech
medical devices, and the oil or natural gas to heat our schools and offices, are all
derived from our natural resources. The sustainable way to develop these products is to
gain greater knowledge of environmental impacts throughout their life cycle, make better
use of natural resources at every stage of production and develop new products that reduce
impacts on the environment.
As consumers, we have a directimpact on the environment in deciding what products, and
what quantities of different products, we purchase. We need to adopt more sustainable
patterns of consumption (i.e. reducing, recycling and reusing resource products) if we are
to reduce environmental pressures while assuring continued access to necessary goods and
services. The buying public must become more aware of alternative products, make better
use of labeling that identifies "green" goods and perhaps pay higher prices for
products that have less environmental impact.
Ultimately, it is consumers that determine demand for resource products. Consequently,
our individual choices about the products we purchase determine their rate of consumption.
Reducing consumption necessarily requires lifestyle changes. For example, if we want to
lower greenhouse gas emissions, we must cut back on our use of fossil fuels for heating or
transportation, which means not only turning down the thermostat but perhaps giving up our
cars and opting for public transportation.
To assure a secure supply of high-quality products at reasonable prices, we have to
find and develop resources in ecologically-sound ways, extend their lifespan through
recycling, improve product design to encourage recycling, increase the efficiency of
resource utilization, reduce consumption of products that consume large amounts of
resources, and improve the performance and reduce the cost of renewable energy.
Meeting Our Global Responsibilities
Rapid population growth, coupled with increasing industrialization in the developing
world, means that emerging economies need access to ever larger quantities of natural
resources. More than 1.5 billion people will be added to the world population inthe next
decade. Consumption of resource products such as energy, timber and steel, which has more
than doubled since 1950, is expected to continue to increase. Developing economies are
growing rapidly; for example, in Asia, the number of cars is expected to increase
five-fold in the next 25-30 years. The World Energy Council estimates that global energy
consumption will grow by 50 to 70 per cent by the year 2020. This growth will place
increased demands on the global environment.
As a producer of much of the world's natural resources and a steward of a large part of
the planet's natural environment, Canada has a responsibility to develop its natural
resources in a sustainable fashion. Canada, with its combination of technology,resource
management expertise and environmental awareness, can benefit from growing economic
opportunities in a way that meets our obligations as responsible stewards of significant
portions of the earth's natural resources.
Canada's international obligations also extend to formal agreements dealing with trade,
scientific cooperation and the environment. For example, Canada participated at the Earth
Summit in 1992 and was a signatory to a number of international agreements, including Agenda 21- a blueprint for sustainable development - as well as legal conventions on climate
change and biodiversity (discussed in more detail below) and a voluntary statement of
principles for sustainable forestry.
Understanding and Mitigating Climate Change
Canada is part of an international effort to understand climate and climate change, and
to find solutions to global warming. In 1992, Canada and 150 other countries ratified the
Framework Convention on Climate Change, with the aim of stabilizing emissions of
greenhouse gases (such as carbon dioxide) at 1990 levels by the year 2000. (See The Climate Change Challenge in Part I.)
Conserving Biodiversity
Biodiversity refers to the variability of plant and animal life; this includes
diversity within species (genetic diversity), between species and of ecosystems.
Maintaining diversity in our natural systems helps ensure that the planet's ecological
systems are strong and healthy enough to withstand the stresses and changes from both
human intervention and nature. In 1992, Canada was the first industrialized nation to sign
the International Convention to protect biodiversity and has since developed a national
strategy to promote the conservation of Canada's biological diversity.
Canada is home to an estimated 300,000 species of wildlife. The Committee on the Status
of Endangered Wildlife in Canada has identified 291 species of birds, animals and plants
at risk in this country. One of the leading causes is the loss of habitat due to resource
development, urbanization, and agriculture both in Canada and abroad, in wintering areas
for migratory species.
Canadians want to maintain Canada's wildlife and biodiversity. In the most recent
survey of Canadians' attitudes toward wildlife, 86 per cent indicated that maintaining
abundant wildlife was important to them and 83 per cent agreed it was necessary to protect
endangered or declining species. In 1991, Canadians spent more than $5 billion
participating in wildlife related activities.
Assuring a Role for Aboriginal Peoples
Since time immemorial, Canada's land, forests and resources have met the cultural,
spiritual and material needs of the Aboriginal people of Canada. The Aboriginal land ethic
is deeply rooted in traditional cultural beliefs and embodies a view that landand its
resources must be protected out of respect for past, present and future generations.
The sustainable development of Canada's resources is very much linked to issues such as
Aboriginal self-government, land claims, Aboriginal and treaty rights in traditional
territories and the responsibility of the Crown for Indian lands. As these issues are
resolved through agreements with governments, greater certainty will contribute to
increased cooperation among governments, industry and the Aboriginal people of Canada with
respect to Canada's resources. Increased efforts must also be made to ensure that
Aboriginal communities benefit from resource development in terms of jobs and economic
growth.
The traditional knowledge of Aboriginal communities can bring a special perspective to
the sustainable development of resources. Governments, the business sector and community
organizations are increasingly working to make development decisions inclusive of
Aboriginal interests and concerns.
Leaving a Legacy for the Future
Canadians' relationship with trees and lakes, mountains and seas, even the weather, is
a part of the national psyche. Canadians want the peace of mind in knowing that the
country's physical beauty is being safe-guarded, their continued access to naturalareas is
assured, and that they are leaving a legacy to their children and grandchildren which will
provide them with the same good quality of life. In order to leave a healthy environment,
diverse natural areas for the next generations' enjoyment, a healthy economy, as well as
opportunities for development from minerals, energy and forests to meet future needs, we
must make responsible decisions about development today.
Over the past three decades the amount of protected area across Canada has almost
quadrupled, accounting for more than 7.9 per cent of Canada's total land and freshwater (Figure 21). The Government of Canada, in partnership with the provinces,
has a goal of setting aside 12 per cent of Canada in areas that are representative of the
country's land-based natural regions and of completing the national parks system by the
year 2000. Deciding what areas to protect has crucial economic, social and environmental
implications. Equally important is the need to ensure that the resources on the land and
offshore areas outside of these protected areas are managed in a sustainable fashion.
Canadians Playing a Part in Sustainable Development
Canadians increasingly want to have a voice in deciding what sustainable development
means and how it should be implemented. Communities are becoming directly involved in
decision-making about development, by participating in environmental assessments of
resource projects or through joint initiatives with industry and governments. Sustainable
development requires an integrated approach to issues including organizations with
mandates in different disciplines, such as resource management, fish and wildlife,
environment, as well as the economic and social domains. This new reality is driving the
need to break down barriers between departments within government, and between levels of
government.
It also demands much more open approaches to decision-making that encourage cooperation
among governments, industry, non-governmental organizations and local communities to try
to resolve the disputes and tensions that sometimes arrive in balancing different views
and priorities. Decision-making processes must be fair, open and well-defined so that
differing views are heard and decisions made in a reasonable time-frame.
If Canadians are to play a meaningful role in sustainable development decisions, they
have a responsibility to be well-informed. This, in turn, implies that they must have easy
access to all the facts to make informed judgments.
There is a growing need for clear, concise and user-friendly information to gain a
better understanding of the economic, social and environmental aspects of resource use and
potential development.
The evolution of information technologies, such as the Internet, is making information
more readily available. Community and voluntary organizations are also making information
accessible to Canadians concerned about environmental issues and related social and
economic considerations, providing them with an opportunity to participate in
decision-making.
Appendix B: Measuring our Progress
Sustainable development is a process of continuous improvement. Objectives and actions
must continually be refined as new knowledge comes to light, and as new technologies and
practices are developed. This knowledge compels us to act.
Sustainable development is a broad concept. As such, it is important to define more
precisely what we are trying to achieve, and then put in place the means to measure and
report on our progress. NRCan's work in promoting sustainable development can be assessed
at three different levels:
Commitments and actions
At the most basic level, we must monitor and report on the actions and commitments made
in our strategy - did we do what we said we would do? Managers within the Department will
be responsible for implementing specific components of the sustainable development
strategy and will be accountable for progress in their areas of responsibility. In
assessing our performance, we will report on each commitment and action in the strategy.
Achievement of objectives
More difficult is the need to assess our performance against the strategy's objectives.
This goes beyond merely reporting on whether a specific action was completed, to assessing
whether those actions are actually helping us reach the objectives identified in this
strategy.
For each of the strategy's objectives we will report on a few indicators to help assess
our achievements. Table 4 contains a draft of the performance indicators we have developed
to measure progress against our objectives. These indicators will continue to be further
refined, over the first few months of the strategy, in consultation with stakeholders.
National progress on sustainable development
At a much broader level is the need to gauge Canada's overall progress in the
sustainable development of its natural resources. This goes beyond the contributions of
NRCan. It must reflect the work and efforts of all Canadians who have an interest in the
sustainable development of our resources, including other federal departments, provinces,
industry, scientists, environmental groups, and Aboriginal and rural communities.
At present, a framework of sustainable development indicators has been developed to
measure success in the sustainable management of Canada's forests. These indicators were
developed by a multi-stakeholder group, under the leadership of the Canadian Council of
Forest Ministers. The framework includes six broad criteria and 86 indicators. Canada's
first report on these indicators was published in 1997.
A key commitment in this strategy is NRCan's commitment to work with stakeholders to
create sustainable development indicators for both the minerals and metals, and energy
sectors.
These activities will complement existing efforts by other organizations to report on
Canada's economic, social and environmental performance. Our goal is to develop and
strengthen Canada's ability to provide Canadians with progress reports on the sustainable
development of this country's natural resources.
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Goal
1 Making Better Decisions Enabling Canadians to make balanced decisions regarding natural resources. |
Objective
1.1 |
Performance Measures
1.1.1 1.1.2 Requests for NRCan information products (number, dollar value, website visits, 1.1.3 User satisfaction with value, accessibility and quality of information (user |
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1.2 Promoting greater national and international cooperation and consensus on |
1.2.1 Participation in, and results of, national and international multi-stakeholder |
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1.3 Developing and promoting fiscal, regulatory and voluntary approaches that encourage |
1.3.1 Participation in, and results of, voluntary SD initiatives (e.g. FBI, VCR, ARET, 1.3.2 Processes underway and number of agreements reached to harmonize regulations and |
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Goal
2 Enhancing Long-term Social and Economic Benefits Sustaining the economic and social benefits |
Objective
2.1 |
Performance Measures
2.1.1 2.1.2 Regular assessment of present and future supplies and use of natural resources. 2.1.3 Total funds leveraged by NRCan from shared S&T projects. 2.1.4 Economic impacts of NRCan S&T. 2.1.5 Employment levels and productivity in resource and resource-related industries. 2.1.6 Value-added in the natural resource sectors. 2.1.7 Capital investment in resource and related industries. |
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2.2 Maintaining and expanding access to international markets for Canadian |
2.2.1 NRCan participation in resolving trade issues and challenges related to 2.2.2 NRCan-supported technologies and practices adopted internationally (e.g. CIDA 2.2.3 Value ($) and per cent of exports of resource-based products, technologies and |
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2.3 Building the capacity of Aboriginal, rural and northern communities to generate |
2.3.1 Legal surveys of land claim boundaries completed to client's satisfaction. 2.3.2 Number of partnerships and investment leveraged with rural, Aboriginal and 2.3.3 Number of Aboriginal peoples trained in resource management by NRCan. |
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Goal
3 Maintaining A Healthy and Safe Environment Minimizing the impacts of natural resource |
Objective
3.1 |
Performance Measures
3.1.1 3.1.2 Development of scientific data on climate change. 3.1.3 Trends in use of alternative and renewable energy. 3.1.4 GHG emissions from federal operations. 3.1.5 GHG emissions to GDP ratio and compared to international commitments and other |
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3.2 Promoting technologies and stewardship practices that reduce environmental impacts, |
3.2.1 Number of NRCan-supported environmental technologies and practices being 3.2.2 Trends in energy efficiency by end use. 3.2.3 Forest products produced per cubic meter of wood harvested. 3.2.4 Emissions of GHGs per unit of production of conventional oil, oil sands and coal. 3.2.5 Level of liability from acid rock drainage. 3.2.6 Amount of forest and mineral products recycled. |
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3.3 Safeguarding Canadians from natural hazards and the risks associated with natural |
3.3.1 Volume and quality of information disseminated in response to natural hazards. 3.3.2 Clean up of contaminated low level radioactive waste sites. |
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Goal
4 Putting Our House in Establishing NRCan as a leader in the federal government in managing |
Objective
4.1 |
Performance Measures
4.1.1 4.1.2 Application of environmental audits and evaluations to NRCan operations. |
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4.2 Reducing wastes from NRCan operations. |
4.2.1 Amount of total waste from NRCan operations/per capita, per year. 4.2.2 Amount of greenhouse gases from NRCan operations. |
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4.3 Increasing the efficiency of energy and other resource use in NRCan operations. |
4.3.1 Number of vehicles and proportion of fleet converted to alternative fuels. 4.3.2 Energy consumption in NRCan buildings per square meter, per year. 4.3.3 Water consumption at NRCan per capita, per year. |
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4.4 Promoting the use of goods and services that are eco-efficient. |
4.4.1 Rate of purchasing by NRCan of environmentally friendly goods and services. 4.4.2 Number of employees trained in and/or aware of NRCan's green procurement 4.4.3 Procurement of green power by NRCan. |
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Appendix C: Consultations
In August 1997, NRCan released a draft of its Sustainable Development discussion paper,
Safeguarding our Assets: Securing our future. The discussion paper was designed to
stimulate debate about ways NRCan can help Canadians make the sustainable development of
natural resources a part of daily practice. It sought feedback about whether NRCan has
correctly identified the issues, realistically set its goals and found workable ways to
put sustainable development into practice.
Copies of the discussion paper, including the survey questionnaire, Your Turn,
were mailed to 1200 stakeholders.
In addition, an electronic version of the paper, including questionnaire, was made
available on the new sustainable development page of NRCan's web site(http://www.nrcan-rncan.gc.ca/sd-dd/pubs/cons1998/tofc_e.html).
Written Responses to the Discussion Paper
NRCan received 52 written responses to the discussion paper, either in the form of
letters, completed questionnaires or both. Comments were received from:
- federal government departments (7);
- provincial government departments (8);
- utilities (3);
- industry (11); and,
- non-governmental organizations (23).
Consultation Meetings
Following the distribution of the discussion paper, the Department engaged in a series
of public meetings to solicit the views of partners and stakeholders. In total, five
meetings were held with 70 stakeholders. Meetings were held with:
- other federal departments (11 departments);
- environmental and Aboriginal groups (12 organizations);
- industry - central and eastern Canada (14 organizations);
- industry - western Canada (9 organizations); and,
- NRCan's Earth Sciences Advisory Committee (24 participants).
North of 60
In addition to these meetings, NRCan consulted with other government departments to
solicit input from the public 'North of 60.' Consultations at the community level sought
input from northern residents about the impacts, issues and challenges of the sustainable
development strategies being developed by the participating departments.
The 'North of 60' process, led by the Department of Indian Affairs and Northern
Development, also involved the Departments of Fisheries and Oceans, Environment, Canadian
Heritage, Parks, and National Defence. Public meetings were held in Inuvik, Yellowknife,
Hay River, Iqaluit, Rankin Inlet, Whitehorse and Cambridge Bay. A meeting was also held in
Ottawa to include groups that serve northern interests from a base in the nation's
capital.
Feedback to Stakeholders
NRCan received a diverse range of views on the discussion paper. The comments of
stakeholders were captured in a report, What You Said. NRCan mailed each respondent
or meeting participant a copy of the report.
Appendix D: NRCan Departmental Profile
Organization
As a result of restructuring, NRCan has become smaller and more focused, with five
(down from seven) sectors. These include:
- The Earth Sciences Sector, which is the government's principal agency for earth
science knowledge and information. Geomatics Canada provides a reliable system of surveys,
remotely-sensed data as well as geographically referenced information describing the
Canadian landmass; the Geological Survey of Canada is a principal contributor to a
comprehensive geoscience knowledge base of Canada; and, the Polar Continental Shelf
project contributes to scientific research in our Arctic regions by providing a
comprehensive logistics support organization. - The Canadian Forest Service, which promotes the sustainable development of
Canada's forests and the competitiveness of the Canadian forest sector for the well-being
of present and future generations of Canadians. It delivers its science and technology
program through ten national science research networks operating out of five regional
research centers and headquarters. - The Minerals and Metals Sector, which promotes the sustainable development of
Canada's minerals and metals resources industry by integrating economic, social and
environmental objectives. It provides policy advice, S&T, as well as commodity and
statistical information in support of decisionmaking. It is also the federal government's
primary source of expertise on explosives regulations and technology. - The Energy Sector, which promotes the sustainable development and safe and
efficient use of Canada's energy resources through its policies, programs, and science and
technology. It assesses the potential economic, regional, international and environmental
implications of Canada's energy production and use. It also provides technical knowledge
and advice to the energy industry and to government. Its knowledge base helps the
Government of Canada to formulate policies, implement regulations, enhance job and wealth
creation, and meet its international commitments. - The Corporate Services Sector, which provides functional direction to the
Department in the effective and efficient management of resources in the areas of finance,
administration, human resources, information management/information technology and
environmental affairs.
In addition, there are Strategic Planning and Coordination, Communications, and
Audit and Evaluation Branches, which contribute to improved performance measurement
and accountability as well as an increased understanding of NRCan's mandate and programs
among Canadians, clients and employees.
Departmental Mandate
By legislation, the Minister of Natural Resources Canada is responsible for:
- Coordinating, promoting, recommending and implementing policies, programs and practices
pertaining to the mandate of NRCan; - Fostering the integrated management and sustainable development of Canada's natural
resources; - Helping in the development and promotion of Canadian scientific and technological
capabilities; - Gathering, compiling, analyzing, coordinating and disseminating information respecting
scientific, technological, economic, industrial, managerial, marketing, and related
activities and developments affecting Canada's natural resources; - Participating in the development and application of codes and standards for technical
surveys and natural resource products, and for the management and use of natural
resources; - Improving remote-sensing technology and promoting the development of the Canadian
remote-sensing industry; - Encouraging the responsible development and use of Canada's natural resources, and the
competitiveness of Canada's natural resource products; - Working to widen and promote markets for Canada's natural resource products and
technical surveys industries, both at home and abroad; and, - Working in partnership with provincial/territorial governments and non-governmental
organizations in Canada, and promoting cooperation among nations and international
organizations.
Other Agencies
NRCan maintains a special relationship with agencies for which the Minister reports to
Parliament. These agencies include the National Energy Board, the Atomic Energy Control
Board, Atomic Energy of Canada Limited, the Energy Supplies Allocation Board and the Cape
Breton Development Corporation. These Agencies are not included in the Sustainable
Development Strategy of the Department.
NRCan Business Lines
NRCan provide services to Canadians in four principal areas:
science and technology;
policy and regulation;
knowledge infrastructure; and,
doing business in a global market.
generate and transfer the ideas, knowledge and technologies Canada needs to use its
resources wisely and efficiently, reduce costs, protect the environment and help Canadians
create new products and services.
Science and Technology
NRCan undertakes science that provides knowledge about our resources and their
potential, and increases our understanding of the natural environment and how it is
affected by resource development and other human activities. Research can also lead to new
technologies that allow us to use our resources more wisely, for example extending the
lives of resources through their efficient use and recycling, or by replacing them with
alternatives.
New technologies can reduce impacts on the environment while lowering costs. This makes
Canadian companies more competitive and helps create jobs for Canadians involved in
providing new products and services.
Research and development is key to marketing and commercializing products and services
with environmental advantages.
NRCan works in partnership with industry to improve industrial metal processing,
produce new, higher-performance mineral and metal-based products, and enhance growth in
the mine equipment manufacturing sector. Using the Mobile Foundry Laboratory, NRCan
monitors energy consumption and foundry operations and provides recommendations to
increase foundry productivity, efficiency, and competitiveness. NRCan conducts research in
its experimental mine in Val d'Or to develop equipment for greater mechanization and
automation, in order to minimize mining costs and reduce the need for operators to work in
potentially hazardous mining environments.
NRCan collaborates with the provinces, universities and the private sector to develop
leading-edge technologies that reduce pressures on the environment, create
knowledge-intensive jobs and contribute to sustainable development.
What We're Doing - Science and Technology
Securing a long-term supply of natural resources
- Through biotechnology, NRCan scientists are producing "Transgenic" spruce.
This technique bombards spruce tree cells with DNA-coated micro particles that can result
in trees that grow faster and are more resistant to insects and disease.- NRCan runs NATMAP (National Mapping) to assist industry in discovering new mineral
reserves and EXTECH (Exploration Technology) to extend the life of existing mines,
sustaining economic growth in areas such as Manitoba and New Brunswick.Creating new opportunities through innovation
- NRCan recently released its new Renewable Energy Strategy - a blueprint for government
and industry partnerships to accelerate the development and commercialization of promising
technologies.- Canadian forest-product Parallam - a high strength wood beam made from small particles -
is a world-recognized wood product. Canada is rapidly becoming a world leader in
eco-housing, designing and developing energy-efficient prefabricated houses forexport to
markets such as Japan.- NRCan is creating specialty materials to produce lightweight components for use in
conventional automobiles as well new materials for electric vehicle batteries.Pollution prevention and ecosystem integrity
- Through the Mine Environment Neutral Drainage (MEND) program, NRCan, in partnership with
the provinces and the mining industry, is developing techniques to reduce acidic drainage
from mine sites.- The development of alternative and renewable energy can reduce emissions from the
burning of fossil fuels. For example, NRCan is evaluating a 600 kilowatt horizontal axis
wind turbine. One turbine can generate enough energy to supply electricity to 175-200
homes.- Scientists are developing biological and natural alternatives to control forest pests.
For example, B.t. is a natural bacterium that occurs in soils everywhere and is being used
in place of the synthetic chemical fenitrothion to control outbreaks of spruce budworm.- The Department is developing new forest harvesting and regeneration practices that are
more cost-efficient and environmentally sound. The Montain Alternative Silviculture Site
(MASS) is assessing the impact of alternative harvesting approaches on the productivity of
industrial operations and their implications for regeneration. The project demonstrates
full-scale clear cutting, patch cutting, green-tree retention and control sites.- NRCan is developing computer models of coal fields in order to mine them in a more
environmentally responsible manner.Efficient production and use of natural resources
- NRCan's Industrial Energy Research and Development Program has produced an innovative
process to manufacture high-quality, low-cost automotive parts which use 50 per cent less
energy and result in 40 per cent less waste than traditional manufacturing.International cooperation on sustainable development
- NRCan participates in the International Ocean Drilling Program, benefitting from a $60
million per year exploration program, which provides data on mineral deposits as well as
core samples from the ocean that can be used to gain a better understanding of processes
affecting climate change.Climate change
- By examining ice cores, lake sediments and glacier-related features, NRCan is
establishing a chronology of past climate change which is being used to calibrate global
climate models, used to predict future climate changes.- Under the BOREAS program, NRCan collaborated with NASA to examine forests in northern
Manitoba and Saskatchewan, and assess their capacity to absorb carbon dioxide. Using
satellites, air planes and on-the-ground towers, scientists measured how much carbon
dioxide is absorbed, how much oxygen is produced and what impact the natural lifecycle of
forests has on climate change.
regulations - in areas such as the environment, trade, the economy, science and
technology, Aboriginal matters and Canada lands - enhance the contribution of natural
resources to Canada's economy, while protecting the environment and the health and safety
of Canadians.
Policy and Regulation
Government policies, legislation, regulations, taxes and spending establish the context
in which Canadians make sustainable development decisions. Governments must create a
climate for society and the marketplace to make the right choices and adopt the best
practices to ensure economic opportunities, while protecting the environment. Policies
must also support the resource sector, as major exporters, to compete in global markets.
This in turn enhances their ability to provide jobs and improve environmental performance.
Traditionally, governments have relied on direct spending, legislation and regulation
to achieve their goals.
Today, there is a growing emphasis on finding alternatives such as non-regulatory
approaches and economic instruments that encourage developers and consumers to consider
the economic and environmental impacts during each phase of resource development and use.
NRCan works with the provinces/territories and other partners to develop national
strategies to guide sustainable development, such as the National Forest Strategy and the
Whitehorse Mining Initiative.
The Department develops regulations in areas such as nuclear energy, energy efficiency
and explosives. It also works with other federal departments including: Environment,
Health, and Fisheries and Oceans to develop environmental regulations; the Department of
Finance on fiscal and tax policies affecting resources; and, Indian and Northern
Development (DIAND) on resource policies in northern Canada and to resolve Aboriginal
issues related to land.
What We're Doing - Policy and Regulation
A climate for sustainable development
- The 1996 Budget announced improvements to the tax treatment of renewable energy and
energy efficiency investments. Measures related to renewable energy serve to increase the
access of such investments to financing. Consultations conducted by NRCan and Finance
Canada in 1996 provided a better understanding of the impediments to energy efficiency
investment. These were followed by consultations in 1997 on a new incentive mechanism.- In response to a report of the House of Commons Standing Committee on Natural Resources,
NRCan is working with other federal and provincial departments to provide a more efficient
and effective environmental regulatory regime for mining in Canada.- NRCan scientists and experts contribute to environmental assessment panels such as the
one reviewing a proposal to manage nuclear waste through long-term storage in bedrock,
deep underground.- NRCan is working with the Canadian Standards Association, the Canadian Environmental
Agency and others to develop national standards for environmental assessment.Securing a long-term supply of natural resources
- The federal government's response to the National Oil Sands Task Force has resulted in
important regulatory and tax changes and a commitment to research that could lead to $25
billion in new investment over the next 25 years. NRCan is a partner in the Canadian Oil
Sands Network for Research and Development (CONRAD) to address environmental issues,
improve energy efficiency and reduce costs.Increasing the participation of aboriginal peoples
- NRCan and DIAND collaborated to create the First Nations Forestry Program. The program
promotes the sustainable management of forests on reserve lands, provides jobs in
Aboriginal communities and develops skills to access jobs off-reserve.- NRCan works with Aboriginal communities in Ouje Bougoumou and Grassy Narrows to help
them become more energy efficient through technologies such as district heating and
cooling, combined production of heat and power, and waste heat recovery.- NRCan, the Assembly of First Nations and other federal departments are cooperating on a
study of sustainable energy opportunities in remote First Nations communities.- NRCan manages and regulates the land surveys for native land claims in Canada, providing
training and economic opportunities for Aboriginal people.- The Whitehorse Mining Accord and the Canada Forest Accord encourage Aboriginal peoples'
increased participation in decision-making and seek to increase their involvement in
economic opportunities in forestry and mining.Efficient production and use of natural resources
- Half of all iron and steel produced in Canada is from recycled scrap metals. The number
of newsprint mills using recycled content has also grown dramatically, from just one in
1990 to 20 in 1996. NRCan is working to remove inappropriate impediments to trade in
recyclable materials.- NRCan manages the R2000 program to promote the construction of more energy efficient
housing. The total number of R-2000 certified houses increased from 2,621 in 1990 to 7,154
in 1995. More than 9,000 builders have been trained since the program began.- The Department regulates the energy efficiency of many appliances. Between 1990 and
1995, the energy efficiency of new refrigerators increased by 35 per cent and by 25 per
cent for new freezers.- The recycling technology newsletter R-net is issued 4 times per year, providing
information on technologies available, success stories, meetings and conferences.Climate change
- Canada reports internationally through its "National Report" prepared jointly
by NRCan and Environment Canada. Canada's second National Report was filed in May, 1997.- In December 1996, the federal government announced 45 initiatives to strengthen the
National Action Program on Climate Change, including education, technology
commercialization, an enhanced VCR and regulatory measures to promote energy efficiency.- NRCan coordinated the preparation of a Federal Action Plan on Climate Change which
includes activities in the areas of energy, environment, forestry, agriculture and
transportation. It also includes a commitment, with respect to federal operations, to
reduce emissions by at least 20 per cent from 1990 levels by the year 2005. The Government
expects to surpass this objective. NRCan assists other federal departments to use energy
more efficiently and publishes an annual report on greenhouse gas emissions from federal
operations.- Under the Voluntary Challenge and Registry Program, over 700 companies and other
organizations have committed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions through improved energy
efficiency measures, increasing the use of alternative and renewable energy, as well as
energy research and development. In December 1996, a series of measures was announced to
strengthen the VCR.- NRCan's Federal Buildings Initiative (FBI) is assisting departments to reduce energy
consumption in federal facilities and encourage its replication at the provincial and
community levels. The private sector will be investing $125 million to upgrade federal
buildings, reducing energy costs by $20 million annually. NRCan also contributes to the
development of model building code provisions to improve the energy efficiency of
buildings.Biodiversity
- The National Forest Strategy and the Whitehorse Mining Initiative (WMI) support the
creation of a national network of protected areas by the year 2000. The WMI also supports
developing scientific criteria for the selection and addition of new parks.- A new Forest Biodiversity Research Network is developing a better understanding of how
forest ecosystems maintain diversity, determining what roles are played by each species
within an ecosystem and advancing strategies for sustainable development.
latest environmental, economic and scientific information from a variety of sources.
Knowledge Infrastructure
Sustainable development demands greater knowledge of the many inter-related factors
that go into integrated decision-making - such as information on soils, bedrock, wildlife,
water, climate and the socio-economic dimensions of resource development. Resource
managers need to be able to consolidate that knowledge to make the right sustainable
development decisions. All Canadians need access to this information to make appropriate
judgments about their health and safety, the environment and economic opportunities.
NRCan provides basic knowledge, information and technologies to address both the
economic and environmental aspects of sustainable development. It assists decision-makers
and concerned citizens by providing conventional information products, such as mapping and
reports, and increasingly makes use of the information highway to transfer high-quality
scientific data to and from users. Partners and clients regularly access geo-scientific
databases through the Internet and from dedicated information centres in provincial
facilities.
What We're Doing - Knowledge Infrastructure
Knowledge for sustainable development
- NRCan provides national mapping topography and remote sensing data on natural resources
and the environment. This information assists in the discovery and management of resources
and in identifying environmentally sensitive areas, information that is critical to the
safe development of mines, roads, pipelines and other infrastructure.- Following comprehensive consultations under the Canadian Council of Forest Ministers,
Canada has developed a framework of criteria and indicators for sustainable forest
management. The 6 criteria and 83 indicators provide an agreed-upon, scientific definition
of sustainable forest management and identify the factors to be measured in assessing
progress.- The National Energy Use Database, working through centres established in universities
across Canada, provides data on where and how energy is used, and can help identify
opportunities to improve energy efficiency.Access to integrated information
- NRCan's National Atlas Information Service (NAIS) on the Internet is pioneering new
techniques to facilitate public access to integrated data from a variety of sources.
Through SchoolNet, schools have access to geographic information along with the ability to
custom design maps.- NRCan's "Factsline", an automated fax delivery system, offers over 190
documents on the minerals and metals industry.Monitoring environmental health
- NRCan uses satellite images to provide remote sensing data on natural resources and to
monitor changes to the environment. Scientists are working with provincial and local
agencies to assess environmental impacts such as the mining development in Voisey's Bay,
Newfoundland and the July 1996 floods in the Saguenay region of Quebec.- NRCan has assembled computer databases that plot environmental conditions for 1,000-year
intervals over the last 20,000 years, to separate natural processes and man-made factors
affecting climate change. By identifying natural and man-made conditions, and
demonstrating their impacts on Canada's landmass and offshore, we can predict how the
environment will behave in future.- NRCan measures and analyzes foliage samples from forest plots across the country to
detect signs of damage to trees and soils that may have been caused by acid rain and
ascertains long-term changes in soil and vegetation due to pollutants.- The Aquatic Effects Technology Evaluation (AETE) program assesses technologies for
monitoring effects of mine effluents on the aquatic environment.Protecting public health and safety
- In 1996, the federal government released a new Radioactive Waste Policy Framework.
Through this policy, the government will work with waste producers and owners to ensure
that radioactive waste disposal is carried out in a safe, environmentally sound and
cost-effective manner.- NRCan conducts major ground water surveys to identify inexpensive, plentiful and safe
water sources near urban centres such as Vancouver and the Greater Toronto area.- NRCan conducts research to improve roof control, underground environment, mine
ventilation and rock bursts from mines located in Canada.- NRCan developed the Forest Fire Behaviour Prediction System following 20 years of
research and development. It allows fire managers to predict the direction and rate of
spread of forest fires, thereby allowing them to dispatch crews and equipment more
quickly.- NRCan conducts research on stress corrosion cracking of high pressure oil and gas
pipelines to ensure the continued safe operation of pipelines buried in soil.
to meet our global commitments related to natural resources and to maintain access to
world markets for Canadian products, technologies and services
Doing Business in a Global Market
Many environmental issues transcend political boundaries. This reality, coupled with
expanding global trade, is resulting in a greater emphasis on international cooperation.
Canada works with international agencies and other countries to resolve global sustainable
development issues and to ensure access to markets for its natural resource products,
technologies and services.
A nation's environmental performance can increasingly affect its access to markets.
There is a concern that some countries may use environmental issues to act as barriers to
trade. In addition, consumers are increasingly seeking assurances that the products they
buy are not harmful to the environment. This has consequences for Canada, which exports
more than $90 billion annually of natural resource-based products and services.
NRCan's S&T activities support the development of universally-accepted standards
which help ensure Canadian natural resource products are not unduly penalized. NRCan works
with the Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade (DFAIT), international
agencies, provinces/ territories, the private sector and other countries to address issues
that affect the way Canada develops its natural resources.
What We're Doing - Doing Business in a Global Market
Increasing trade and assuring market access
- NRCan works with DFAIT and the provinces on the International Forest Partnerships
Program to provide accurate and balanced information on Canadian forest practices to key
markets such as Europe, the USA and Japan.- Some countries seek assurances that the wood and paper they buy are not harmful to the
environment. NRCan supports the Canadian Standards Association and the Forest Stewardship
Council in developing systems to certify forest products that are produced from
sustainably managed forests.International cooperation on sustainable development
- NRCan is a member of the International Working Group on Criteria and Indicators for the
Conservation and Sustainable Management of Temperate and Boreal Forests. These criteria
and indicators will allow for common reporting by 12 countries on their progress in the
sustainable management of 90 per cent of the world's temperate and boreal forests.- Under the GlobeSAR Program, NRCan works closely with ten host countries demonstrating
the use of RADARSAT data for tropical forest management and land cover mapping.- NRCan, in partnership with DFAIT and the International Development Research Centre,
promotes global cooperation through the International Model Forests Network. Canada is
collaborating with Mexico, Russia, Malaysia and the United States to establish model
forest sites in those countries.- NRCan works with DFAIT in various international fora to honour Nuclear Cooperation
Agreements on nuclear safety, technology safeguards and sustainable energy.- NRCan participates in multilateral fora to discuss and share information on energy
policy approaches and technologies, and to undertake collaborative R&D. NRCan is
working through APEC and the Hemispheric Energy Initiative (HEI) to assist developing and
reforming economies to put in place regulatory frameworks that encourage sustainable
development and increased efficiency. NRCan also works with specific countries (e.g. China
and India) to promote the development and use of efficient, environmentally responsible
technologies.- NRCan, in cooperation with the Canadian International Development Agency, provides
technical assistance for numerous international aid projects, such as improving the level
of environmental management expertise and services offered by foreign R&D institutions
to Canadian-owned and operated mining companies in other countries. NRCan is providing
technical advice to develop an Energy Efficient Buildings Strategy for China, helping to
organize technical workshops on mine effluents and acidic drainage for Brazil, and
developing a modern tree seed centre for ASEAN countries.- NRCan participates in the Sound Management of Chemicals initiative of the NAFTA
Commission on Environmental Cooperation.
Corporate Management and Administration
Although not a business line per se, real property management is an integral part of
the department's program delivery. NRCan conducts its business in an efficient and
effective manner which, in the process, improves the quality of working life for its
employees.
Through the federal Greening of Government Initiative, all departments are required to
integrate environmental considerations into their operations and put in place
environmental management systems in order to manage their operations in line with
sustainable development principles. In this regard, NRCan is taking action in the
following four areas:
- integrating the environment into NRCan operations;
- managing and reducing waste;
- using energy and water efficiently; and,
- procuring green goods and services.
What We're Doing -
Corporate Management and Administration
Integrating the environment into NRCan operations
- NRCan is committed to the federal government's Code of Environmental Stewardship. The
Department has its own strategy for greening its operations, has adopted an Environmental
Protection Policy and publishes annual stewardship progress reports.- NRCan has a verification program for environmental assessment unique in the federal
government. The Environmental Assessment (EA) Evaluation program is designed to
demonstrate due diligence, heighten awareness of responsibilities, and assess the
Department's level of compliance and quality of assessments undertaken. Results are
reported annually and are available to the public.- EA practitioners throughout NRCan complete and file their environmental screenings by
computer. A central database is maintained and data is regularly transmitted to the
Federal Environmental Assessment Index as part of the Public Registry.- NRCan recently updated its policy on environmental assessment and conducts
department-wide training sessions on CEAA and the Canadian Environmental Protection Act
(CEPA).Waste management and reduction
- NRCan has conducted solid waste audits of six headquarters' facilities in the National
Capital Region and eight regional facilities. The recycling program at headquarters has
expanded from paper, cardboard, newsprint, glass and cans to include organic waste
composting, polystyrene, batteries, fluorescent lights, wooden pallets, plastic film and
containers. A 1995-96 measurement revealed that 62 per cent of the waste from its
headquarters buildings is being diverted from landfill and sent for recycling.- In 1994, NRCan was the first department to test a mechanical in-vessel composter system.
From 1994-96, food waste from NRCan's Ottawa cafeteria, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada
and an Ottawa hospital was diverted from landfills and converted into a soil-like material
in 28 days. A central composting facility has replaced the pilot system.- NRCan, in conjunction with the Departments of National Defense, Transport and
Environment, is cleaning up waste left behind at old scientific research sites in the
Arctic dating back to the 1960s and '70s. Thousands of old oil drums have been gathered,
cleaned and crushed, and other discarded waste removed from abandoned sites. The Polar
Continental Shelf Project ensures that more recent sites are cleaned as research work is
completed and that drums are back hauled from the field as they are emptied- Construction and demolition waste produced at NRCan goes through the 3-Rs process where
the material is re-used internally or re-used through used-building-material suppliers.
The material that is not re-used is separated and then sent for recycling. Recent NRCan
projects demonstrated that waste diversion from landfill of over 90 per cent is achievable
and results in a cost saving compared to traditional demolition procedures.Efficient use of energy and water
- NRCan has set a goal of reducing its water consumption by an average of 30 per cent by
the year 2000 over 1994-95 levels. A wastewater control system has been installed to
ensure only neutral-pH effluent is released. NRCan has verified the condition of sewer
lines and repaired defective sections.- NRCan has a goal of reducing its energy consumption by 18 per cent from 1993-94 levels
by the year 1998-99 and is undertaking work to improve the efficiency of lighting,
heating, ventilation and air conditioning.- In all facilities it occupies NRCan is specifying the adherence to the Model National
Energy Code for Buildings for new construction and is also specifying that leased
buildings, if constructed after 1998, comply with the Energy Code.- NRCan is reducing the size of its fleet of vehicles by 40 per cent by 1998-99 based on
1995 figures.- Fifteen per cent of NRCan's vehicle fleet already uses alternative fuels and 66 per cent
of its recent vehicle purchases now operate on alternative fuels.- Through the Federal Industrial Boiler Program, NRCan is helping other government
departments to upgrade their facilities, thereby reducing acid gas and greenhouse gas
emissions.Green goods and services
- NRCan is developing an environmental database for an electronic catalogue to use when
purchasing green materials and supplies, in order to reduce the paperwork associated with
purchasing these services.- NRCan houses the federal government's first ever "green floor" which showcases
leading-edge technologies which reduce the amount of waste being sent to landfills,
decrease lighting energy costs by 60-70 per cent, improve indoor air quality and lower the
level of volatile organic compounds in carpeting and construction materials.- NRCan has committed to purchasing renewable energy "green power" (power from
sources) from utilities in Ontario and Alberta.
Resource Allocations
Table 5 shows how NRCan plans to use its financial and human
resources to the year 2000. The 1995-96 and 1996-97 information is for purposes of
comparison. Table 6 shows this resource use, sector by sector, for
each of the four principal business lines (science and technology, policy and regulations,
knowledge infrastructure, and doing business in a global market).
| Resources | 1995-96 Estimates |
1996-97 Estimates |
1997-98 Estimates |
1998-99 Planned |
1999-2000 Planned |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Full-Time Equivalents | 4,830 | 4,143 | 3,712 | 3,640 | 3,637 |
| Total NRCan Resources | 841,473 | 522,970 | 472,172 | 444,823 | 442,106 |
| * Full-time equivalents (FTE) is a human resources utilization measure based on the amount of time normally worked by a person in a 12-month period. The FTE takes into account the participation of full- and part-time workers. |
|||||
| Organization/Activities | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Business Lines | Energy | Minerals and Metals |
Canadian Forest Service |
Earth Sciences |
Administration | Total |
|
Science and Technology 1997-98 1998-99 1999-2000 |
76,879 75,378 75,511 |
23,115 22,426 22,572 |
84,418 79,804 80,141 |
35,881 34,149 34,107 |
8,452 8,756 8,757 |
228,745 220,513 221,088 |
|
Knowledge Infrastructure 1997-98 1998-99 1999-2000 |
2,944 2,816 2,816 |
3,286 3,149 3,149 |
1,365 1,365 1,365 |
97,165 93,221 94,036 |
6,119 6,016 6,016 |
110,879 106,567 107,382 |
|
Federal Policies and Regulations 1997-98 1998-99 1999-2000 |
32,366 31,154 31,229 |
7,353 6,587 6,587 |
6,515 6,515 6,515 |
7,832 7,530 7,525 |
1,223 1,268 1,268 |
55,289 53,054 53,124 |
|
Promotion of International Interests 1997-98 1998-99 1999-2000 |
55,289 53,054 53,124 |
1,834 1,802 1,802 |
3,134 3,134 3,134 |
1,414 1,343 1,340 |
354 392 392 |
15,775 14,249 13,712 |
|
Sunset/Special Programs 1997-98 1998-99 1999-2000 |
13,614 9,675 8,582 |
7,649 1,934 - |
2,023 1,900 1,900 |
- - - |
799 235 235 |
24,085 13,744 10,717 |
|
Corporate Management and Administration 1997-98 1998-99 1999-2000 |
- - - |
- - - |
- - - |
- - - |
43,444 42,011 42,185 |
43,444 42,011 42,185 |
|
Geomatics Canada Revolving Fund 1997-98 1998-99 1999-2000 |
- |
- |
- |
1,093 |
- |
1,093 |
| Total 1997-98 1998-99 1999-2000 |
127,704 120,825 119,940 |
43,237 35,898 34,110 |
97,455 92,718 93,055 |
143,385 136,704 136,148 |
60,391 58,678 58,853 |
472,172 444,823 442,106 |
| Source: Natural Resources Canada Business Plan 1997-2000. |
||||||
Appendix E: Glossary
Anthropogenic:
Due to human activity, rather than to natural sources or processes.
Biodiversity:
The variability among living organisms; this includes diversity within species (genetic
diversity), between species and of ecosystems.
Eco-efficiency:
A term developed by the World Business Council on Sustainable Development.
Eco-efficiency is reached by the delivery of competitively-priced goods and services that
satisfy human needs and bring quality of life, while progressively reducing ecological
impacts and resource intensity throughout the life cycle, to a level in line with the
earth's estimated carrying capacity.
Ecosystem:
A dynamic system of plants, animals and other organisms, together with the non-living
components of the environment, functioning as an inter-dependent unit.
Ecosystem integrity:
The quality of a natural un-managed or managed eco-system in which natural processes
sustain the function, composition and structure of the system.
Pollution prevention:
The use of processes, practices, materials, products or energy that avoid or minimize
the creation of pollutants and waste, and reduce the overall risk to human health or the
environment.
Precautionary principle:
A principle in the Rio Declaration from the 1992 UN Conference on Environment and
Development that states: "where there are threats of serious or irreversible damage,
lack of full scientific certainty shall not be used as a reason for postponing
cost-effective measures to prevent environmental degradation".
Wildlife:
All wild life, including wild mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish,
invertebrates, plants, fungi, algae, bacteria and other natural organisms.
